Topic 5- Physical chemistry and Transition elements

Question 1

reaction rate

Answer 1

change in quantities of reactants or products over time

Question 2

zero order

Answer 2

concentration of reactant has no effect on rate

Question 3

first order

Answer 3

rate depends on its concentration raised to the power of 1

Question 4

second order

Answer 4

rate depends on its concentration raised to the power of 2

Question 5

overall order

Answer 5

sum of orders with respect to each reactant

Question 6

zero order concentration-time graph

Answer 6

straight line with a negative gradient

Question 7

first order concentration-time graph

Answer 7

downwards curve with a decreasing gradient over time

constant half life

Question 8

half life

Answer 8

time taken for half of a reactant to be used up

Question 9

zero order rate-concentration graph

Answer 9

horizontal straight line with a gradient of 0

Question 10

first order rate-concentration graph

Answer 10

straight line through the origin

rate and concentration directly proportional

Question 11

second order rate-concentration graph

Answer 11

upward curve with increasing gradient

Question 12

initial rate

Answer 12

instantaneous rate at the start of a reaction when the time=0

Question 13

reaction mechanism

Answer 13

series of steps that make up an overall reaction

Question 14

rate determining step

Answer 14

slowest step in the sequence

Question 15

arrhenius equation

Answer 15

exponential relationship between rate constant and temperature

Question 16

exponential factor

Answer 16

proportion of molecules that exceed Ea and have sufficient energy for the reaction to take place

Question 17

homogenous equilibrium

Answer 17

equilibrium species that all have the same state or phase

Question 18

heterogenous equilibrium

Answer 18

equilibrium species that have different states or phases

Question 19

mole fraction

Answer 19

proportion by volume to the total volume of gases in a gas mixture

Question 20

partial pressure

Answer 20

mole fraction x total pressure

Question 21

effect on Kc when temperature increases

Answer 21

if forward reaction is exothermic the equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction meaning the value of Kc will decrease

Question 22

Bronsted-Lowry acid

Answer 22

proton donor

Question 23

Bronsted-Lowry base

Answer 23

proton acceptor

Question 24

conjugate acid-base pair

Answer 24

two species that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton

Question 25

monobasic acid

Answer 25

an acid that contains only one hydrogen ion, which can be donated to a base

Question 26

dibasic acid

Answer 26

an acid containing two hydrogen ions that can be donated to a base

Question 27

tribasic acid

Answer 27

an acid containing 3 hydrogen ions that can be donated to a base

Question 28

pH

Answer 28

numerical scale for measuring H+ ion concentration

Question 29

stronger acid, larger...

Answer 29

Ka

Question 30

stronger acid, smaller...

Answer 30

pKa

Question 31

Kw

Answer 31

ionic product of water- ions in water multiplied together

Question 32

buffer solution

Answer 32

system that minimises pH change when small amounts of acid or base is added

Question 33

equilibrium shift when alkali added to a buffer

Answer 33

shifts right H+ reacts with hydroxide ions HA dissociates to restore H+ lost

Question 34

equivalence point

Answer 34

volume of one solution that exactly reacts with the volume of the other solution

Question 35

indicator is also a...

Answer 35

weak acid

Question 36

lattice enthalpy

Answer 36

the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions

Question 37

standard enthalpy change of atomisation

Answer 37

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of gaseous atoms forms from the element in its standard state

Question 38

first electron affinity

Answer 38

the enthalpy change that takes place when one electron is added to each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1- ions

Question 39

second electron affinities are...

Answer 39

endothermic

Question 40

standard enthalpy change of solution

Answer 40

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is completely dissolved in water under standard conditions

Question 41

enthalpy change of hydration

Answer 41

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of isolated gaseous ions s dissolved in water forming one mole of aqueous ions under standard conditions

Question 42

entropy

Answer 42

dispersal of energy and disorder within the chemicals making up a chemical system

Question 43

feasibility

Answer 43

whether a reaction is able to happen

Question 44

free energy change

Answer 44

overall change in energy

Question 45

for a reaction to be feasible, delta G must be...

Answer 45

less than 0

Question 46

metal/ metal ion half cell

Answer 46

metal rod dipped into a solution of aqueous metal ions

Question 47

ion/ion half cells

Answer 47

same element in different oxidation sates with a platinum electrode

Question 48

standard electrode potential

Answer 48

the e.m.f of a half cell compared with a standard hydrogen half cell, in standard conditions

Question 49

salt bridge

Answer 49

allows ions to flow between solutions

Question 50

d block element

Answer 50

an element with its highest energy electron in a d subshell

Question 51

transition element

Answer 51

a d block element that forms an ion with a partially filled d subshell

Question 52

complex ions

Answer 52

a transition metal ion bonded to ligands through dative covalent bonds

Question 53

ligands

Answer 53

molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion to form a dative covalent bond

Question 54

monodentate ligands

Answer 54

a ligand that is able to donate one pair of electrons to a central metal ion

Question 55

bidentate ligands

Answer 55

ligand that can donate two pairs of electrons to the central metal ion forming two dative covalent bonds

Question 56

ligand substitution

Answer 56

one ligand in a complex ion replaced with another ligand