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Biology Paper 2 > Topic 5 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Topic 5 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the structure of a chloroplast
(3)

A

Thylakoid - stacks of folded membrane

Stroma - fluid centre

Inner & outer membranes - controls what leaves

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2
Q

What stage of photosynthesis are the thylakoid membranes involved in

A

Light dependant reaction

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3
Q

What part of photosynthesis is the stoma involved in

A

Light independent reaction

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4
Q

What are the reactants and products used in the LDR

A

Requires light and water used to create ATP and REDUCED NADP

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of the LDR

A
  1. Photolysis
  2. Photoionisation of chlorophyll
  3. Chemiosmosis
  4. Production of ATP & REDUCED NADP
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6
Q

What is photolysis of water and what are the products used for

A

When light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and splits water into oxygen and hydrogen

H+ picked up by NADP forming NADPH used in LIR

e- passed along electron carrier proteins

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7
Q

What is photoionisation of chlorophyll

A

Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll results in electrons becoming excited and raising energy level so they leave the chlorophyll

Chlorophyll’s then ionised by light

Some energy released electrons used to make ATP

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8
Q

Explain chemiosmosis (5)

A
  1. Electrons gained energy left chlorophyll move along series of proteins embedded in thylakoid membrane
  2. As they move along they release energy which is used to pump protons across the chloroplast membrane
  3. An electrochemical gradient is created as protons pass through enzyme ATP synthase which results in ATP production
  4. This electrochemical gradient allows the protons to move via facilitated diffusion back across the membrane
  5. Protons combine with co-enzyme NADP becoming REDUCED NADP
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9
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

Protons move from a high to low concentration gradient

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10
Q

What is the light independent reaction also known as

A

Calvin cycle

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11
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur and what enzymes are present

A

Occurs in stroma with enzyme rubisco

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12
Q

What reactants does the Calvin cycle need and what are the products

A

Reactants
Carbon dioxide
Reduced NADP
ATP

Product
Hexose sugar

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13
Q

Explain the Calvin cycle (5)

A
  1. Carbon dioxide reacted with ribulose biphosphate (RUBP) 5 carbon molecule to form 2 molecules of 3 Carbon glycerate phosphate (GP)
  2. Reaction is catalysed by enzyme rubisco
  3. GP is reduced to triode phosphate (TP) using energy from ATP by accepting a H from reduced NADP
  4. Some carbon from TP leaves cycle each turn be converted into useful organic substances
  5. ATP is needed to regenerate RUBP from the 5 carbons left
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14
Q

How many times must the Calvin cycle occur before a hexose sugar is made?

A

6

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15
Q

What are the 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature

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16
Q

What are the 4 key stages of aerobic and where do they occur

A

Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

Link reaction (mitochondrial matrix)

Kerbs cycle (mitochondrial matrix)

Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial inner membrane)

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17
Q

What are the 3 key steps In glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP
  2. Production of triose phosphate
  3. Oxidation of triose phosphate to produce pyruvate and a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD
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18
Q

Explain the process of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose (6C) is phosphorylated (addition of 2 P) using 2 ATP
  2. This glucose phosphate then is split into 2 lots of triose phosphate (3C)
  3. Using ATP and NADH this forms 2 pyruvate (3C)
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19
Q

Give the products of glycolysis

A

2 x pyruvate

Net gain of 2 ATP (make 4 but use 2)

2 x NADH

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20
Q

Explain the link reaction (2)

A
  1. Pyruvate made in glycolysis is oxidised to acetate (2C) with use of NAD which picks up hydrogen becoming Reduced NAD this produces a carbon dioxide
  2. Acetate then combined with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
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21
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur for every glucose molecule

A

2

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22
Q

What are the products of the link reaction

A

2 x acetyl CoA
2 x CO2 released
2 reduced NAD

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23
Q

Explain the kerbs cycle (3)

A
  1. Acetyl coA reacts with 4 carbon molecule releasing CoA and producing a 6C molecule that enters kerbs cycle
  2. Redox reactions result in kerbs cycle generating reduced co enzymes and ATP and losing 2 C
  3. 1 molecule if ATP produced
    Create 3 reduced NAD
    1 reduced FAD
24
Q

What are the products of Krebs cycle per cycle

A

3 x decided NAD
1 x reduced FAD
1 x ATP
2 x CO2

25
Q

What are the products produced by the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule

A

6 x reduced NAD
2 x reduced FAD
2 x ATP
4 x CO2

26
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation (4)

A
  1. In mitochondrial matrix all of the co enzymes produced by Krebs cycle will split into protons and electrons
  2. Electrons will then be transported along electron transport chain this released energy which provided the energy for the protons to be actively transported across the membrane
  3. Electrochemical gradient created so protons can move back by facilitated diffusion across their conc gradient via ATP synthase
  4. ATP synthase then phosphorylated ADP to create ATP
27
Q

How is water produced in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Once electrons have exited the electron transfer chain these electrons are picked up by oxygen this oxygen also picks up protons once passers back though facilitated diffusion creating water

28
Q

Explain the process of glycolysis for anaerobic respiration

A

Same as aerobic except the pyruvate is reduced to form either lactate in animals or ethanol in plants

29
Q

How is the majority of energy lost between each tropic level

A

Respiration and excretion

30
Q

What is biomass

A

Mass of carbon within the organism

31
Q

What is GPP

A

Gross primary production is the chemical energy store in plant biomass

The total energy resulting from photosynthesis

32
Q

What is NPP

A

Net primary production - chemical energy store in plant biomass taking into account energy lost to respiration

33
Q

What is the equation for NPP

A

NPP = GPP - R

34
Q

What is the equation to work out the net production of consumers

A

N = I - F + R

N= consumer
I = chemical energy ingested
F = chemical energy lost to excretion
R = respiratory loss

35
Q

What are the units for the rates of productivity and why?

A

KJ ha-1 year -1

KJ - energy
Also requires per unit area and per year

36
Q

Give 3 biological molecules that contain nitrogen

A

Proteins, ATP and nucleic acids

37
Q

What is the importance of nitrogen and it’s structure

A

Air is 78% nitrogen

Nitrogen contains triple bond

Microorganisms are need to cover T nitrogen gas into nitrogen containing substances that plants and animals can absorb

38
Q

What are the 5 key processes of the nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Salrobiotic nutrition And microbes

2 ammonification

  1. Nitrification
  2. Nitrogen fixation
  3. Denitrification
39
Q

What is an abiotic factor

A

Non living environmental factors

40
Q

What is saprobiotic nutrition

A

When microbes are feeding on dead plant matter or waste

41
Q

What is he first step in nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen in atmosphere absorbed by soil and nitrogen fixing bacteria which can convert the nitrogen into ammonium this is either done directly by nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of legumes types of plants which have nodules that contain the bacteria

OR

Plants that don’t have root nodules there is free living nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil

42
Q

Explain nitrification

A

Nitrifying bacteria oxidises ammonium into NITRITES (NO2-)
And then Is further oxidised into NITRATES (NO3-)
This is then absorbed by active transport into the plant roots

43
Q

Name the waste produced by animals that are decomposers

A

Urea

44
Q

What are the dead plant material that are decomposers

A

Proteins or DNA

45
Q

What is the process of saprobiotic nutrition

A

The decomposers will break down the proteins to release nitrogen converting it back into ammonium so cycle can repeat

46
Q

What happens if there is a lack of oxygen in soil?

A

Anaerobic denitrifying Bactria that can turn the nitrates back into nitrogen gas using denitrifying bacteria

47
Q

What is phosphorus used for in organisms

A

DNA/RNA
ARO
Phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

What is the main source of phosphate

A

Phosphate ions in mineral form found in sedimentary rocks

49
Q

What are mycorrhizae

A

Fungal associations between plant and root and beneficial fungi

50
Q

Why are mycorrhizae beneficial for plant growth?

A
  1. Fungi increase SA of water and mineral absorption
  2. The mycorrhizae acts like a sponge so holds water and minerals around roots
  3. Makes plants more drought resistant

Mutualistic relationship

51
Q

Explain the phosphorous cycle

A
  1. Plants absorb water which contains phosphate ions these plants are then consumed by animals which excrete which will release phosphorus back into the oceans
  2. Phosphate ions from waste and remains are broken down these remains are eroded to release phosphate ions back into the oceans
  3. Deposition is when phosphate ions build up to create rocks through sedimentation
  4. rocks erode to release phosphate ions back into ocean
52
Q

What are fertilisers used for

A

Added to soil to replace nitrate and phosphate ions lost when crops harvested

53
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of natural fertilisers

A

Cheaper

Exact mineral proportion can’t be controlled

54
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of artificial fertilisers

A

Can create exact proportions of minerals

Very soluble and so can leach and wash away

55
Q

What is leaching

A

When water soluble compounds are washed away in river or ponds

56
Q

What is eutrophication

A

Nitrates leached stimulate growth of algae in a pond creating blanket of algae on water so plants underneath can’t respire

57
Q

What is the equation to work out the rf value

A

RF= distance traveled by pigment /distance travelled by solvent

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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