Topic 5 Lesson 2: History

Question 1

1909

Answer 1

the first national planning conference was held at the National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington, D.C. In the same year, the first city planning course was taught in Harvard’s Landscape Architecture Department

Question 2

Walter Moody

Answer 2

In 1912, Walter Moody published Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago, adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

Question 3

Flavel Shurtleff

Answer 3

In 1914, Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.

Question 4

1917

Answer 4

the American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACPI) was founded.

Question 5

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr

Answer 5

ACIP’s first president. The organization was renamed to the American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).

Question 6

1925

Answer 6

the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.

Question 7

1934

Answer 7

the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded

Question 8

1971

Answer 8

AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners

Question 9

1977

Answer 9

the first exam for AIP membership was administered

Question 10

1978

Answer 10

the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO

Question 11

1981

Answer 11

, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research

Question 12

1867

Answer 12

San Francisco passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses

Question 13

1903

Answer 13

Cleveland created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner were responsible for the plan’s development

Question 14

1906

Answer 14

San Francisco was the first major American city to apply City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham

Question 15

1907

Answer 15

the first town planning board was created in Hartford, Connecticut

Question 16

1909

Answer 16

Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago. In the same year, Wisconsin was the first state to pass enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development

Question 17

1914

Answer 17

Newark, New Jersey hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, Harland Bartholomew. Bartholomew went on to become one of the most famous planning consultants

Question 18

1916

Answer 18

New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett.

Question 19

1922

Answer 19

Los Angeles County formed the first regional planning commission

Question 20

1924

Answer 20

Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

Question 21

1925

Answer 21

The City of Cincinnati was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

Question 22

1928

Answer 22

the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act

Question 23

1933

Answer 23

the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. It was later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943

Question 24

1934

Answer 24

the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland, although the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta

Question 25

1961

Answer 25

Hawaii was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978

Question 26

How the Other Half Lives

Answer 26

Jacob Riis, published in 1890. This book resulted in housing reform in New York City

Question 27

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform

Answer 27

Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement.

Question 28

Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago

Answer 28

Walter Moody, published in 1912. This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago

Question 29

Carrying Out the City Plan

Answer 29

Flavel Shurtleff, published in 1914. This book was the first major textbook on city planning.

Question 30

Cities in Evolution

Answer 30

Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning, and Geddes is known as the “father of regional planning.”

Question 31

Planning of the Modern City

Answer 31

Nelson Lewis, published in 1916

Question 32

Local Planning Administration

Answer 32

Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.

Question 33

Urban Land Use Planning

Answer 33

F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957. This book became a common textbook on land use planning

Question 34

Image of the City

Answer 34

Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes. Read excerpts of Image of the City on Amazon.com.

Question 35

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Answer 35

by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

Question 36

Silent Spring

Answer 36

Rachel Carlson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment. Read excerpts of Silent Spring on Amazon.com.

Question 37

The Urban General Plan

Answer 37

TJ Kent, published in 1964

Question 38

With Heritage So Rich

Answer 38

Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book on historic preservation.

Question 39

Design with Nature

Answer 39

Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS.

Question 40

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces

Answer 40

William Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.

Question 41

Charles Abrams

Answer 41

created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that was highly critical of U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.

Question 42

Thomas Adams

Answer 42

was an important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth, U.K. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.

Question 43

Saul Alinsky

Answer 43

was an advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing

Question 44

Sherry Arnstein

Answer 44

wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.

Question 45

Daniel Burnham

Answer 45

was a Chicago architect and prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement. He was the lead force behind the 1893 Columbian Exposition and later the 1909 Plan of Chicago. His most famous quote is “Make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.”

Question 46

Rachel Carson

Answer 46

wrote Silent Spring, an important book in environmental planning. More about Rachel Carson on Wikipedia

Question 47

Robert Moses

Answer 47

transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing. More about Robert Moses from Wikipedia.

Question 48

John Nolen

Answer 48

designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.

Question 49

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr

Answer 49

is considered the father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside, IL, laid out in 1868.

Question 50

Clarence Perry

Answer 50

developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, New Jersey. He was a key contributor to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs.

Question 51

Paolo Soleri

Answer 51

was an architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.

Question 52

Clarence Stein

Answer 52

designed Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, NY, Radburn, NJ, and many other garden suburbs in the U.S. He was a major proponent of the garden city movement. He wrote New Town for America in 1951.

Question 53

Rexford Tugwell

Answer 53

served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. Tugwell was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community. He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.

Question 54

Sir Raymond Unwin

Answer 54

was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University. He wrote Town Planning in Practice, published in 1909.

Question 55

Catherine Bauer Wurster

Answer 55

was a founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.

Question 56

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 56

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, U.S. cities were becoming places that had severe poverty, crime, and blight. At the time, there was a movement to address these issues through the expression of moral and civic virtues. Daniel Burnham was a leader in promoting this movement. City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives

Question 57

The result of the City Beautiful movement

Answer 57

was the creation of Beaux-Arts style civic centers. The first model civic center was the White City, created by Daniel Burnham in Chicago for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. Another example of the City Beautiful was the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C., which sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1791 Plan for Washington and restore the city to civic greatness. More information about the L’Enfant Plan and the McMillan plans for Washington DC can be found through the National Park Service. Many cities throughout the U.S. incorporated City Beautiful ideas and sought to create downtown civic centers.

Question 58

Garden City Movement

Answer 58

In 1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. This book was later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind Garden City. After publishing the book he formed the Garden-City Association in England in 1899.
A Garden City is self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas. Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
Through the Garden-City Association, Howard was able to secure funding for the development of three garden cities. In 1903, Letchworth was constructed. This was the first English city of its kind, and it was influential to the New Town Movement in the U.S.
The idea of the Garden City caught on in the United States. The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA), led by Lewis Mumford, Benton MacKaye (who conceived of the Appalachian Trial) and others, promoted the concept.
In 1922, the first effort at building a Garden City began in Sunnyside Gardens, New York. A total of 77 acres in Queens was purchased and Clarence Stein devised a plan for 1,202 housing units.
In 1928, the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn, New Jersey began, designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright.

Question 59

The City Efficient

Answer 59

aka City Functional or City Scientific, was a reaction against the City Beautiful movement, which was seen as overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with matters of function and efficiency. The City Beautiful movement was openly denounced at the first planning conference in 1909.
President Roosevelt established the Resettlement Administration in 1935, during the Great Depression. This agency was responsible for the Greenbelt Towns Program (or Green Towns Program). The Green Towns program developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.
Following World War II, Great Britain passed the New Towns Act in 1946. This Act led to the development of more than a dozen new communities based on Howard’s ideas.
Also following World War II, Park Forest, Illinois was developed as a New Town.
Most of the Garden Cities that were developed failed to attain Howard’s ideal. Most lacked industry and true city centers and, in the end, most became residential suburbs.