topic 5 health, disease and the development of medicines

Question 1

what is a pathogen?

Answer 1

a disease causing organism including bacteria,viruses,fungi and protists

Question 2

how can pathogens be spread ?

Answer 2

• in the air
  -drinking infected water
  -in food
  through the skin /direct contact
  -by a vector (an organism that can carry pathogens from one person to the next )

Question 3

what type of pathogen causes chlamydia ?

Answer 3

bacterium

Question 4

what disease does hiv cause eventually if it is not successfully managed?

Answer 4

aids

Question 5

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for chlorea

Answer 5

spread though water
type of pathogen - bacterium
symptoms- watery pale coloured diahorrea often in large amounts

Question 6

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for malaria

Answer 6

protist by vector
-type of pathogen-protist
main symptoms- fever, weakness, chills and sweating

Question 7

what does susceptible to other diseases mean ?

Answer 7

an increased likely hood of developing other diseases

Question 8

define communicable disease

Answer 8

infectious disease caused by microbes and they can be passed on from one person to another

Question 9

what is health?

Answer 9

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 10

describe some problems and diseases caused by bacteria.

Answer 10

\

Question 11

how can the spread of chlaymidia be reduced ?

Answer 11

• wear a condom
• being tested and treated
• avoiding sex

Question 12

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for ash die -back chalara

Answer 12

spread in the air
type of pathogen - fungus
main symptoms-
-leaf loss,
-bark lesions(damage)
-dieback of top of tree (crown)

Question 13

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for ebola

Answer 13

spread by body fluids 
type of pathogen - virus
main symptoms - internal bleeding and fever (haemorrhagic fever)
-severe headache
-muscle pain
-vomiting
-diahorrea (frequent watery faeces)

Question 14

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for HIV /AIDS

Answer 14

type of pathogen- virus
main symptoms - mild flu like symptoms may occur when first infected
-often,no symptoms for a long time
-eventually , repeated infections (e.g TB) that would not be a problem if the immune system was working properly

Question 15

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for tuberculosis(TB)

Answer 15

spread in the air 
type of pathogen - bacterium
main symptoms -lung damage seen in blood speckled mucus
- weight loss
-fever and chills
-night sweats

Question 16

name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for stomach ulcers

Answer 16

type of pathogen - bacterium
main symptoms-inflammation in stomach causing pain
- bleeding in the stomach

Question 17

describe a communicable disease caused by a bacterium and the symptoms of the disease (3 marks)

Answer 17

TB is a communicable disease. two of its symptoms are blood speckled mucus and weight loss

Question 18

how can the spread of cholera bacteria) be reduced or prevented?

Answer 18

• boil water to kill bacteria before drinking

- wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch

Question 19

how can the spread of tuberculosis (bacteria) be reduced or prevented?

Answer 19

• ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria droplets that have been coughed out by infected people
• diagnose infected people and give antibiotics to kill the bacteria
• isolate infected people so it cannot be passed on to others

Question 20

how can the spread of malaria (protists) be reduced or prevented?

Answer 20

-prevent mosquito vectors biting people,by killing mosquitoes or keeping them off the skin (e.g by using a sleeping net )

Question 21

how can the spread of stomach ulcers (bacteria) be reduced or prevented?

Answer 21

• cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria

- wash hands thoroughly before preparing the food to avoid transfer

Question 22

how can the spread of ebola haemorrhagic fever (virus) be reduced or prevented?

Answer 22

• keep infected people isolated because the virus is easily spread
• wear fully protective clothes while working with infected people or dead bodies

Question 23

explain why there is a delay of a few days between a person becoming infected by a pathogen for the first time and antibiotics being made ? (2 marks)

Answer 23

• it takes time for the lymphocytes to identify the antigens on the pathogen and to secrete specific antibodies
• the secondary response is faster because memory cells are already present and can secrete specific antibodies immediately

Question 24

pathogens have antigens that are foreign to the body. when a pathogen enters the body the body is exposed to these antigens describe two responses triggered by the antigens

Answer 24

the antigens trigger an immune response which causes the production of memory lymphocytes

Question 25

what does the immune system do ?

Answer 25

the immune system helps protect the body by attacking pathogens if they manage to enter the body , lymphocytes are part of this immune system

Question 26

describe how the immune system helps to fight infection (3 marks)

Answer 26

• the pathogen has an antigen on its surface (that is unique to it )
• a lymphocyte with an antibody that fits the antigen is activated
• this lymphocyte divides repeatedly and secretes antibodies that destroy the pathogen

Question 27

what is a example of a non communicable disease

Answer 27

• cancer
• cardiovascular disease
• lung and liver diseases
• and dietary diseases