topic 5 health, disease and the development of medicines Flashcards
what is a pathogen?
a disease causing organism including bacteria,viruses,fungi and protists
how can pathogens be spread ?
- in the air
-drinking infected water
-in food
through the skin /direct contact
-by a vector (an organism that can carry pathogens from one person to the next )
what type of pathogen causes chlamydia ?
bacterium
what disease does hiv cause eventually if it is not successfully managed?
aids
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for chlorea
spread though water
type of pathogen - bacterium
symptoms- watery pale coloured diahorrea often in large amounts
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for malaria
protist by vector
-type of pathogen-protist
main symptoms- fever, weakness, chills and sweating
what does susceptible to other diseases mean ?
an increased likely hood of developing other diseases
define communicable disease
infectious disease caused by microbes and they can be passed on from one person to another
what is health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
describe some problems and diseases caused by bacteria.
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how can the spread of chlaymidia be reduced ?
- wear a condom
- being tested and treated
- avoiding sex
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for ash die -back chalara
spread in the air type of pathogen - fungus main symptoms- -leaf loss, -bark lesions(damage) -dieback of top of tree (crown)
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for ebola
spread by body fluids type of pathogen - virus main symptoms - internal bleeding and fever (haemorrhagic fever) -severe headache -muscle pain -vomiting -diahorrea (frequent watery faeces)
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for HIV /AIDS
type of pathogen- virus
main symptoms - mild flu like symptoms may occur when first infected
-often,no symptoms for a long time
-eventually , repeated infections (e.g TB) that would not be a problem if the immune system was working properly
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for tuberculosis(TB)
spread in the air type of pathogen - bacterium main symptoms -lung damage seen in blood speckled mucus - weight loss -fever and chills -night sweats
name the type of pathogen and the main symptoms for stomach ulcers
type of pathogen - bacterium
main symptoms-inflammation in stomach causing pain
- bleeding in the stomach
describe a communicable disease caused by a bacterium and the symptoms of the disease (3 marks)
TB is a communicable disease. two of its symptoms are blood speckled mucus and weight loss
how can the spread of cholera bacteria) be reduced or prevented?
- boil water to kill bacteria before drinking
- wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch
how can the spread of tuberculosis (bacteria) be reduced or prevented?
- ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria droplets that have been coughed out by infected people
- diagnose infected people and give antibiotics to kill the bacteria
- isolate infected people so it cannot be passed on to others
how can the spread of malaria (protists) be reduced or prevented?
-prevent mosquito vectors biting people,by killing mosquitoes or keeping them off the skin (e.g by using a sleeping net )
how can the spread of stomach ulcers (bacteria) be reduced or prevented?
- cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
- wash hands thoroughly before preparing the food to avoid transfer
how can the spread of ebola haemorrhagic fever (virus) be reduced or prevented?
- keep infected people isolated because the virus is easily spread
- wear fully protective clothes while working with infected people or dead bodies
explain why there is a delay of a few days between a person becoming infected by a pathogen for the first time and antibiotics being made ? (2 marks)
- it takes time for the lymphocytes to identify the antigens on the pathogen and to secrete specific antibodies
- the secondary response is faster because memory cells are already present and can secrete specific antibodies immediately
pathogens have antigens that are foreign to the body. when a pathogen enters the body the body is exposed to these antigens describe two responses triggered by the antigens
the antigens trigger an immune response which causes the production of memory lymphocytes
what does the immune system do ?
the immune system helps protect the body by attacking pathogens if they manage to enter the body , lymphocytes are part of this immune system
describe how the immune system helps to fight infection (3 marks)
- the pathogen has an antigen on its surface (that is unique to it )
- a lymphocyte with an antibody that fits the antigen is activated
- this lymphocyte divides repeatedly and secretes antibodies that destroy the pathogen
what is a example of a non communicable disease
- cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- lung and liver diseases
- and dietary diseases
