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Separate Biology Edexcel GCSE > Topic 5- Health And Disease > Flashcards

Topic 5- Health And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, metal and social well being

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2
Q

Define disease

A

A disorder of the body or mind that negatively affects an individuals health

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3
Q

What are two types of disease?

A

Communicable
Non communicable

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4
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that is passed directly between individuals

Caused by a pathogen

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5
Q

Define pathogen

A

A disease causing organism e.g virus, fungi, bacteria, protists

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6
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be transmitted between Individuals

Generally long lasting with a slow onset

Caused by lifestyle, environmental conditions, genetic mutations

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7
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A change experienced by an organism that indicates disease

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8
Q

Why does having an illness make an individual more likely to contract another disease?

A

A disease may weaken an individual’s immune system making the increasing,y susceptible to other infections

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9
Q

Describe cholera

A

Caused by Vibrio cholerae bacterium

Speed by drinking water or washing in water that has been contaminated with infectious faeces

Symptoms. Diarrhoea , vomiting

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10
Q

How can the incidence of cholera be reduced?

A

Access to clean water

Improved sanitation ( sewage disposal )

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11
Q

Describe TB

A

Caused by bacterium
It is airborne bacteria spread by droplets
Symptoms = lung damage, chesty cough, wheezing

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12
Q

How can the transmission of TB be reduced?

A

Improved hygiene
Infected individuals should avoid crowded areas
Increased ventilation

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13
Q

Describe chalara ash dieback

A

Cause by a fungus that infects ash trees
Spread via airborne spores which are carried by wind
Causes dark legions on bark and blackened leaves which die

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14
Q

How can the transmission of chalara ash dieback be reduced ?

A

Control the movement of ash trees
Kill infected plants
Replant with a different species

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15
Q

Describe malaria

A

Caused by protists
Spread by mosquito vectors . Pick up when feeding on infected organism and transmit to other organisms when feeding

Flu like symptoms , damage to red blood cells , liver damage

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16
Q

How can the incidence of malaria be reduced?

A

Mosquito nets
Insect repellant
Cover arms and e,bs

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17
Q

Describe stomach ulcers

A

Caused by bacterium
Transmitted orally by eating infected foods or drinking infected water
Symptoms = stomach spin, vomiting nausea

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18
Q

How can the transmission of the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers be reduced?

A

Access to clean water
Improve hygiene
Improved sanitation

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19
Q

Describe Ebola

A

Caused by Ebola virus
Spread by direct contact with infected body fluids
Symptoms = fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, internal bleeding

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20
Q

How can the transmission of Ebola be reduced?

A

Improve hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Sterilisation of outbreak areas

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21
Q

Describe simply how viruses causes disease?

A

They enter just cells and replicate inside of them. The host cells rupture, releasing new viruses

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22
Q

How do viruses differ from other microorganisms?

A

Viruses are not living organisms. They do not reproduce and can only replicate inside a host cell

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23
Q

By what two pathways do viruses replicate inside living cells ?

A

Lytic pathway
Lysogenic pathway

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24
Q

Describe the lytic pathway

A
  1. Virus binds to specific receptors on host cells
  2. Virus injects it’s DNA into host cell and replicates it’s DNA using host cell machinery
  3. New viral structures are produced and assembled
  4. Host cell ruptures, re,asking new viruses
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25
Q

Describe the lysogenic pathway .

A
  1. Virus binds to specific receptors on host cell
  2. Viral DNA injected into host cell becomes interstates into host cell genome
  3. Viral DNA replicates each time the host cell divides. However the cell remains normal.
  4. Trigger chases the activation of viral DNA. It enters the lytic pathway
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26
Q

Describe HIV

A

Caused by human immunodeficiency virus
Spread by direct contact with infected body fluids
Destroys white blood cells making the individual immunodeficient and increasing,y susceptible to other diseases

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27
Q

How can the spread of HIV be reduced?

A

Use of condoms and protected sex
No needled exchange
Screening blood for HIV
Deterring infected mothers from breast feeding

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28
Q

Describing chlamydia

A

Caused by bacterium
Spread through sexual contact or direct contact with genita, d,uids
Can result in infertility

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29
Q

How can the transmission of chlamydia be reduced

A

Used of condoms and protected sex
Screening

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30
Q

Describe the physical defence system within plants

A

Waterproof waxy cuticle - surface barrier preventing the entry of pathogens

Cellulose cell wall- further barrier against pathogens

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31
Q

Give some examples of chemical barriers in plants

A

Secretion of toxins to reduce damage by pests

Production of antibacterial chemicals that kill bacterial pathogens

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32
Q

Why are chemicals produced by plants useful?

A

They produce physiological effects on the body so can be used in medicines to treat disease

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33
Q

Give an example of a medicine derived from plants

A

Aspirin - painkiller - bark leaves of Salix alba

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34
Q

Why are plant defence systems important?

A

Plants are producers so all organisms higher up in food chains rely upon their survival and ability to fight disease

Important in maintains human food security

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35
Q

How can plant diseases be detected and identified in the field ?

A

Observation of symptoms
Analysis of the distribution of affected plants can indicate the type of pathogen involved
Changing environmental conditions to eliminate other causes such as nutrient deficiencies

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36
Q

Why is it difficult to identify a disease using symptoms alone?

A

Many disease may have similar symptoms

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37
Q

How can plant diseases be detected and identified in the lab

A

Detection of foreign antigens in a sample of plant tissue using monoclonal antibodies

Analysis kf DNA to identify any pathogen DNA in a tissue sample

38
Q

What is a non specific defence

A

Always present
Same for all organisms
Prevent pathogens from entering the body

39
Q

Give some examples of the body’s physical defence system,

A

Skins - protective surface barrier
Blood clotting - platelets seal wounds preventing entry of pathogens into the blood
Respiratory tract- muscles traps pathogens, cilia waft mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed

40
Q

Give some examples of the body’s chemical defence system

A

Tears contain lysozyme which digests bacterial cell walls killing bacteria and protecting the eye

Hydrochloride acid in stomach - acidic pH kills pathogens that are swallowed

41
Q

What is the immune system

A

The body’s defence against pathogens once they have entered the body

Aims to prevent or minimise disease caused by pathogens

42
Q

How do white blood cells detect pathogens in the body

A

Pathogens have unique antigens in their surface which are detected by specialised receptors on white blood cells

43
Q

How does the immune system destroy pathogens ?

A

B lymphocytes produces antibodies in response to a particular antigen

Each antibody is specific to an antigen and binds to it

Antibodies tag pathogens or clump them together, disabling them so that they can be killed by other white blood cells

44
Q

What are memory lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells produced in response to a foreign antigen that remain in the body after a pathogen has been destroyed

Provide immunity - if the body is re infected, antibodies are produced more rapidly and the pathogen is destroyed before it can produce disease symptoms

45
Q

Compare the primary and secondary immune responses

A

The secondary response produces antibodies more rapidly and in higher concentrations than in the primary response. The pathogen is destroyed before it can cause symptoms

46
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Deliberate exposure of an individual to foreign antigens
Triggers an immune response ( produces antibodies ) and provides immunity ( due to memory cells)
The individual does not contract the disease that they are being immunised against

47
Q

Describe the components of a vaccine!

A

Dead, weakened or inactivated pathogens with their surface antigens still present

48
Q

What are the benefits of vaccinations

A

Herd immunity = vaccination of a significant proportion of the population gives some protection to individuals who are not immune

Helps to prevent epidemic and pandemics

49
Q

What’s the drawbacks of vaccinations?

A

High mutation rate of viruses changes the structure of viral antigens making vaccines that are already available ineffective

Not guaranteed to work

Inactivated pathogens may mutate and become pathogenic

May cause an adverse reaction

Vaccination programmes are costly

50
Q

Give some examples of non communicable diseases

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases
Chronic respiratory diseases e.f asthma

51
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A variable associated with a greater chance of developing a disease or infection

52
Q

Outline the factors that can affect the risk of developing a non communicable disease

A

Lifestyle factors e.g diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking

Environmental factors e.g exposure to pollution

Genetics e.g alleles that increase the risk of cancer

53
Q

Correlation does not mean causation .. explain this

A

Correlation between a risk factor and a disease does not mean that the risk factor causes the disease. Other factors may be involved and some may be linked

54
Q

Describe how exercise affects the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

Regular exercise decreases fat stores, reducing obesity

It decreases heart rate, recovery time and blood pressure lowering the risk of CVD

55
Q

Describe how diet affects the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

Diet high in saturated fat raises blood cholesterol levels , increasing the deposition in the arteries - greater risk of CVD

Obesity and the consumption of large amounts of simple sugars increases the risk of type 2 diabetes

Malnourishment increases the risk of deficiency diseases

56
Q

Give an example of a deficiency disease

A

Scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency)
Anemia ( iron deficiency)

57
Q

What is BMI?

A

A value based on height and mass used to categorise an individual as underweight, normal weigh, overweight or obese

58
Q

How is BMI calculated

A

BMI = mass/ height ^2

59
Q

Why isn’t BMI always an accurate measure of obesity

A

Fat and muscle tissue cannot be distinguished so athletes may be incorrectly categorised as obese

60
Q

How is an individual’s waist-to-hip ratio calculated?

A

Waist-to-hip ratio = waist circumference/ hip circumference

61
Q

Describe how alcohol affects the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

Alcohol broken down into toxic products in the liver which build up and cause cirrhosis

Alcohol raises blood pressure thus increasing the risk of CVD

Toxic products in alcohol can cause mutations to DNA increasing the risk of cancer

62
Q

Describe how smoking affects the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

Nicotine raises heart rate increasing the risk of CVD

Carbon monoxide lowers ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen, heart rate increases increasing risk of CVD

Carcinogens in tar can cause mutations to DNA increasing the risk of cancer

Smoking increases the risk of lung diseases

63
Q

How do environmental factors affect the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

Long term exposure to pollution damages the airways increasing the risk of lung diseases and lung cancer

Exposure to UV radiation damages DNA increasing the risk of DNA mutations and skin cancer

64
Q

How do genetics affect the risk of some non communicable diseases

A

The risks of some diseases such a type 2 diabetes , lung cancer and CVD and increased if a family member has had these conditions

Faulty genes can be inherited which increase the risk of conditions such as breast cancer

65
Q

How do diseases interact with each other

A

Some diseases may cause other infections to develop e.g HIV weakens the immune system , making an individual more susceptible to other infections such as TB

Some diseases reduce the risk of contracting other infections

66
Q

Describe the effects of non communicable disease on a local national and global level

A

Increased incidence of non communicable disease puts a strain on local hospitals which have limited resources

Increased pressure on NHS to provide treatment to a larger number of patients. Sickness related absence impacts a country’s economy

High prevalence of malnutrition in LEDCs slows the development of such countries which in turn impacts global development

67
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

Group of diseases affecting the heart or blood vessels

Build up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries forms a theory as which reduce blood flow to muscle tissue

Blood clots may form, blocking the arteries and stopping blood flow completely. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke

68
Q

How can CVD lead to a heart attack

A

Obstruction of a coronary artery due to an atheroma or blood clot

Results in loss blood supply to an area of heart muscle

This causes death of the cells and leads to a heart attack

69
Q

How can CVD be treated

A

Improving diet and lifestyle
Medication
Surgery

70
Q

What changes to diet and lifestyle can be made to reduce the risk of CVD

A

Regular exercise
Reduce intake of saturated fat
Maintenance of a healthy weight
Diet low in salt
Reduce stress
Stop smoking and drinking

71
Q

How effective are changes to lifestyle and diet in treating CVD

A

Although not themselves effective , they can enhance efficiency of other methods of treatment

72
Q

What are stents ?

A

Small hollow tubes inserted into the lumen of arteries to keep them open
Require surgery to insert

73
Q

What are the problems with the use of stents to treat CVD

A

Stents cause the growth of scar tissue in the arteries over time further narrowing the lumen

Blood clots may stick to stents

74
Q

What is a coronary bypass

A

Using a blood vessel from another region of the body to divert blood around a blockage in the coronary artery

75
Q

What does a heart transplant involve?

A

Replacing a damaged heart with a donated heart
Immunosuppressant drugs taken to prevent organ rejection

76
Q

Describe the benefits of heart surgery

A

Lifesaving
Can provide a permanent solution to a disease

77
Q

Describe the risk of heart surgery

A

Involves many risks like infection and excessive bleeding
Difficult to find a suitable doctors
Risk of rejection
Immunosuppressant drugs must be taken for life
Long recovery time
Expensive

78
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
No effect on cells in the host organism
Produced by living organisms

79
Q

Describe how target molecules for new medicines can be identified

A

Comparisons of the genomes of unaffected individuals and those who are affected by a disease to identify potential disease causing alleles

The allies themselves or the proteins that they code for can be used as a target

80
Q

Outline the stages of drug developments

A

Screening for potential drugs
Preclinical trials
Clinical trials
Approved by a medical agency

81
Q

Describe the process of screening

A

Uses a machine to test large libraries of chemical substances

Enables indemnification of pre existing chemicals which may affect the target molecule

Vhemcia,s may be a,there’d allowing scientists to produce a drug that reacts with target molecules in a specific way

82
Q

What do preclinical trials involve?

A

Drug tested on cultured human cells and using computer models to determine its toxicity and efficiency

Drug then tested on live animals to establish a safe dose for humans and observe any side effects

83
Q

What happens during clinical testing?

A

The drug first tested on healthy human volunteers to ensure that it is safe to use and has no other unwanted effects on the body

Drug then tested on patients with the the disease to determine its efficacy. Dosage is slowly increased until an upper limit is established. Optimum dosage is found

84
Q

What are placebos ?

A

A substance that appears just like the real drug but has no effect on the recipient

85
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

Where the participants don’t know whether they are receiving the new drug or the placebo

Prevents the patients bias affecting the results

86
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

Neither the participants nor the doctors know who is receiving the new drug or the placebo

Prevents bias from doctors when Alan lysine the results

87
Q

What is the problem associated with using placebos on patients with a disease?

A

Is it ethical to prescribe a sick patient with a placebo knowing that it will not help their condition improve

88
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are clones from one parent cell
Specific to one type of antigen

89
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. Specific antigen injected into an animal
  2. B lymphocytes producing complementary antibodies extracted.
  3. B lymphocytes fuse with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells
  4. Hybridoma cells cultures
  5. Monolclona, antibodies collected and purified
90
Q

What are myeloma cells?

A

Type of tumour cell?

Separate Biology Edexcel GCSE (5 decks)

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