Topic 5: Evolution

Question 1

evolution defintion

Answer 1

a change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time

Question 2

evolution evidence from fossils `

Answer 2

-in the 19th century, studies of rock layers revealed a differences in the fossils contained in each layer.
-plant fossils begin before animal fossils, plant on land appears before animals on land.
-plant suitable for insect pollination appear before insect pollinators.

Question 3

homologous structures

Answer 3

-have a fundamental similiarity of strucutre by are adapted to different function.
homologous structures suggest a common ancestor, shared by a range of diverse organisms.
related organisms show a wide diversity of a basic structure.

Question 4

Analogous strucutre

Answer 4

-have no structural similarity but have similar function.
analogous structures are not based on shared ancestry.
-unrelated organisms experience the same selection pressure and gradually evolve to be better suited to that environment.

Question 5

evidence from homologous strucutres

Answer 5

the pentadactyl limb has a single evolutionary origin, and has become different over time as it performs different functions in different species.

Question 6

Speciation

Answer 6

due to divergence of isolated populations can be gradual or it can occur abruptly (punctuation equilibrium)

Question 7

Process of speciation

Answer 7

1. Isolation of population
2. Isolated populations will experience different selection pressures due to natural selection. Genetic divergence occurs.
3. Divergence into different species occurs when the trairs that evolved over time prevent indidvudals from the seperate populations interbreeding. At this point the populations are considered to be seperate species.

Question 7

Industrial melanisms

Answer 7

melanistics varieties of specices tend to become more frequent, in populations located in polluted indurstrial areas where their darker colouring makes them better camouflaged than the lighter varaiants.

Question 8

Selection pressures - Density dependent factors

Answer 8

Predators
Availability of resources
Nurtient supply
Diease/pathologenic spread
Accumulation of wastes

Question 9

Selection Pressures: Density Independent Factors

Answer 9

Phenomena
Aboitic Factors
Weather Conditions

Question 10

Explaining the process of natural selection

Answer 10

-variation
-overproduction of offspring
-Adapations
-Survival Advantage
-Inhertiance
-Progressive change

Question 11

Lamarckian theory

Answer 11

-finches that arrives on different islands needed to adapt to the available food source in order to survive.
those that adapted passed on these adaptation to the next generation.
-wrong: not based on need, inherited traits that make them better suited to the environment than other individuals of the same species.

Question 12

Darwinian

Answer 12

-Finches that arrived on different islands encountered different food sources
-Each population had some variation in beak size and shape
-Those finches with the beaks best suited to that environment were better able to survive and reproduce.

Question 13

Antibotic resistance

Answer 13

2. After an antibiotic is developed and used on patients, bacteria showing resitance appear within a few years
3. resistance to the antibiotic spreads to more and more species of pathogenic bacteria
4. In each species the proportion of infection that are caused by an resistant strand increases

Question 14

Gradualism

Answer 14

evolution occurs gradually over time

Question 15

Punctuated Equlibrium

Answer 15

Short period of rapid evolution followed by long periods without change.
Supported by mass extinctions, sudden enviromental change

Question 16

Reproductive isolation

Answer 16

presents two populations of the same species from interbreeding. it can be temporal, behavioural or geographic. this can lead to specialisation.

Question 17

sympatric speciation

Answer 17

speciation due to isolation of gene pools living in the same geographic are

Question 18

Allopatric speciation

Answer 18

apeciation due to geographic isolation

Question 19

Speciation in the genus Allum by polyplody

Answer 19

can occur because of meiotic errors
more common in plants because of asexual reproduction
leads to speciation vis reproductive isolation typically poly poids cannot interbreed with dipoloids

Question 20

polyploidy

Answer 20

when an organism has more than two sets of homologous chromosomes

Question 21

Gene pool

Answer 21

consists of all genes presents in an inter-breeding population. Evolution requires that allele frequencies change with time in populations

Question 22

changes in beaks of finches on Daphne major

Answer 22

environmental changes caused change in beak size.
drought caused shortage of soft small seeds and decline in finch population.
survivors had larger beaks that could crack open larger harder seeds
heavy rain caused abundance of soft small seeds
beak size dropped over successive generations.

Question 23

evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Answer 23

resistance develops via genetic mutations
resistant bacteria survive, non-resistant bacteria die
resistance passed on, t/f resistant population grows.

Question 24

development of melanistic insects in polluted areas: Peppered moth

Answer 24

Biston Betularia
peppered moths have several forms,
unpolluted environment: pale lichen on trees provides camoflauge for lighter moths , t/f survives and reproduces passing on lighter wing colour
polluted environment: pollution kills lichen, results in blacker trees: provides camoflauge for sarker moths, t/f survives and passes on gene

Question 25

Binomal Homenclative

Answer 25

first name capitalise: genus name
second name lowercase: species name

Question 26

Hierarchy of taxa

Answer 26

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 27

Three domains

Answer 27

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryotic

Question 28

Four Plant phyla

Answer 28

Byrophyta
Filcinophyta
Conferophyta
Angiospermophyta

Question 29

Byrophyta

Answer 29

mosses, liverworts ,hornworts
no rats, rhizoids instead, no vascular tissues
simple stems, x leaves or flattened thallis
spores producded in capsule develops at end of stalk

Question 30

Filcinophyta

Answer 30

leaves divded into leflets curled up in bud
roots, short non-woody stems, vascular tissue
spores produced in spormgia on underside of leaves

Question 31

Coniferophyta

Answer 31

roots,woody stems, vascular tissue, narrow leaves thick waxy cuticle
Seeds develope from ovules on scales of female cones, males cone produce pollen

Question 32

Angiospermphyta

Answer 32

Leaf and root structure variable, vascular tissue, woody stems for shrubs and trees
seeds develop from ovules in ovaries of flowers, fruits develop from ovaries to dispense seeds

Question 33

animal phylum

Answer 33

parifera
chidaria
platyhelmintha
annelida
mollusca
arthropoda
chordata

Question 34

Portifera

Answer 34

Sponges
No symmetry
No mouth or anus
Porous for filter feeding

Question 35

Chidaria

Answer 35

jellyfish, coral, sea anemones
radial symmerty, can be divided into equal parts from the centre
mouth, no anus, tentacles, stinging cells

Question 36

Platyhelmintha

Answer 36

Flatworms
Bilateral symmerty
mouth, no anus
flattened body

Question 37

Annelida

Answer 37

worms and leeches
billateral symmetry
mouth and anus
bristles
segmented bodies

Question 38

Mollusca

Answer 38

Snails, Octopi, squis
Bilateral symmetry
mouth and anus
shell

Question 39

Arthropoda

Answer 39

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans
bilteral symmetry
mouth and anus
exoskeleton
jointed appendages

Question 40

Chordata

Answer 40

fish
birds
mammals
bilateral symmetry mouth and anus
skin
darsal nerve cord
notochord
limbs

Question 41

clade

Answer 41

groups of organisms evolves from a common ancestor
evidence obtained from the base seqiences of a gene.

Question 42

Reclassification of figwort family

Answer 42

Dna evidence showed that species in the family did not all share a common ancestor. Five clades were incorrectly put into the same family