Topic 5 - BRAIN Flashcards
The Basal Ganglia
collection of nuclei deep to the grey matter of the cerebral cortex.
The Basal Ganglia generally help in
directing involuntary movements including postural proximal adjustments
Hyperkinesia
abnormal involuntary, irregular movements and/or excessive movements
Examples of Hyperkinesia include
tremors, restless legs, and tics
Hypokinesia
an absence/reduction/difficulty w/ voluntary movements.
The overall effect of the Basal Ganglion is
inhibitory
inhibitory means
hindering or preventing an action
most common disorder of Basal Ganglion and 2nd most common neurological disorder
Parkinson’s Disease
most common neurological disorder
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson Disease primary symptoms have to do with
movement problems
hypomimia
reduction in the expressiveness of the face
tremor is a
involuntary, rhythmic, twitching movement
Most Parkinson Disease tremors occur in
the hands
The cerebellum is located
below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem.
cerebellum functions as
centre for coordination of movements and maintenance of balance.
cerebellum plays a significant role in the maintenance of
equilibrium (balance)
cerebellum works
ipsilaterally
cerebrum works on a _____ basis
contralateral
Ataxia is:
An inability to coordinate the muscles (ex gait)
“drunken sailor’s gait” AKA
Ataxic gait
Intention Tremor
involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions
dysmetria (think kyles hand)
Inability to perform accurate mvmnts due to over or under projection
brain stem
autonomic nervous system
what initiates auditory and oculomotor reflexes
brain stem
large part of the brain stem consisting of small areas of loosely clustered nuclei and tracts
reticular formation
reticular formation
maintain consciousness, causes awakening from sleep, filters out unimportant information
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
deal with emotions and memory
3 important components on limbic system
nucleus accumbens, the hippocampus and the amygdala
nucleus accumbens
brain’s pleasure center
aka. sexual arousal, “high” from “addiction”
hippocampus
memories
amygdala
emotional (anger, violence, fear, anxiety )
olfactory
smell
gyrus
ridge on the brain
cerebrum is
largest part of the brain. Has left and right cerebral hemispheres
Each hemisphere of cerebrum controls/ receive information from the
opposite (contralateral) side of the body
cerebral cortex “bark”
outer layer of the cerebrum
cerebrum is composed of
white matter
motor cortex
voluntary motor movement on the body’s contralateral side
precentral gyrus
initiates voluntary contractions - in the contralateral side of the body
Aphasia
impairment of language (read/write/sign)
aphasia
frontal lobe
sensory cortex
lies posterior to the central sulcus
post-central gyrus aka
sensory cortex
sensory cortex
receives information from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, and joints of the contralateral side of the body.
Cortical Homunculi
neurological “map” of brain areas
Homunculi means
little man
Wernicke’s aphasia
speak fluently in long sentences that have no meaning
Broca’s area
verbal expression
Wernicke’s area
comprehension
Occipital lobe
visual stimuli
insula
portion of the cerebral cortex deep within lateral sulcus
insula
sense of disgust
Nuclei
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
ganglion
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS.
Basal Ganglia
involuntary movements
