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Year 12 Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photsynthesis

A

process in which green plants trap light energy and transform it into chemical energy

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2
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2+6H20————(light energy, chlorophyll) C6H12O6+6O2

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3
Q

Chloroplast structures

A

thylakoids-membranous fluid-filled flattened discs
grana- thylakoids aggregated into stacks
chlorophyll-light-trapping pigment embedded in thylakoid membranes
enzymes- located in thylakoid membranes (1st stage)
-stroma contains some enzymes involved in second stage of photosynthesis
stroma- fluid inside chloroplast that bathes grana
-DNA and ribosomes-the stroma contains ribosomes and DNA

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4
Q

Light dependent reaction

A
  • requires light energy
  • occurs in thylakoids of chloroplast- arranged in stacks called grana
  • involves absorption of light energy by chlorophyll into chemical energy
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5
Q

inputs/outputs light dependent reaction

A

inputs: water, ADP+Pi, NADP+
Outputs: Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

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6
Q

Light dependent reaction process

A
  • trapping or energy of sunlight occurs in chloroplasts
  • when light energy strikes molecules of chlorophyll, it excites electron, which leaves the chlorophyll- enters electron transport chain- flow of electrons is initiated
  • absorption of light also splits water molecules-electrons from water replace electrons removed from chlorophyll
  • oxygen produced from splitting of water is waste product- released to outside environment or environment within cytosol- used during cellular respiration
  • as electrons move down transport chain, lose energy to form ATP from ADP+Pi
  • electrons and H+ are transferred to produce NADPH- carries H+ to next stage of photosynthesis-light independent reaction
  • NAPH+ is also called terminal electron acceptor
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7
Q

Light independent reaction

A
  • does not require light
  • take place in solution in the stroma of chloroplasts
  • involves reduction of CO2
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8
Q

inputs/outputs of Light independent reaction

A

inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH
outputs: C6H12O6, ADP+Pi, NAPH+
- ATP formed during light-dependent reaction is used as energy source when combining CO2 and H to form glucose and water
- NADPH is energised electrons source and reducing power that reduces carbon dioxide and builds it into glucose

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9
Q

Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis

A
  • amount of light
  • temperature
  • CO2 concentration
  • water
  • time of day
  • colour of light
  • enzyme/chlorophyll/NADP concentration
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10
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

light intensity, temperature and CO2 availability

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11
Q

what is a limiting factor

A

occurs when supply of factor is in short supply such that it restricts rate of photosynthesis.

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12
Q

Cellular respiration purpose

A

transfer chemical energy from glucose into chemical energy of ATP for use by cells

  • energy required for making ATP comes from releasing chemical energy stored in bonds of glucose molecules
  • glucose to ATP is not direct-occurs via shuttles called acceptors- transfer electrons and H+ to oxygen atoms and ultimately energy from glucose to ATP
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13
Q

where does energy from ATP come from

A
  • release of energy from the bond attaching last phosphate group to ATP
  • requires ATPase for reaction to proceed
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14
Q

how is ATP formed

A
  • free energy from exergonic reactions, can be used to add phosphate group to ADP to form ATP- process of phosphorylation
  • this reaction requires ATP Synthase
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15
Q

phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate group to organic molecule

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16
Q

Mitochondrion structure

A

cristae- highly folded inner membrane
enzymes- aerobic respiration enzymes gather in matrix along cristae
matrix- fluid-filled material-contains ribosomes and DNA.

17
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • occurs in cytosol of cell
  • inputs: glucose, NAD+, 2 ADP+Pi
  • outputs: 2 pyruvate, NADH, 2 ATP
18
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • occurs in matrix of mitochondrion
  • inputs: 2 pyruvate, NAD+, FAD+, 2 ADP+Pi
  • outputs: 6 CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP
19
Q

Electron transport chain

A

occurs in cristae of mitochondrion

  • inputs: 6O2, NADH, FADH2, 32 ADP+Pi
  • outputs: 6H2O, NAD, FAD, 32 ATP
20
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

occurs in cytosol in enzyme controlled, multi stepped process- enzymes present determine products formed

  • pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in animals
  • converted to alcohol(ethanol) and CO2 in plants and microorganisms such as yeasts
21
Q

difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic- requires oxygen, produces 36 ATP, occurs in cytosol and mitochondrion, sugars completely down into CO2 and H2O
anaerobic- doesn’t require oxygen, produces 2 ATP, occurs in cytosol of cell, sugars are not completely broken down- lactic acid or ethanol/CO2

22
Q

Limiting factors of aerobic respiration

A

oxygen
glucose
concentration of enzymes involved in reaction
temperature and pH
availability of unloaded acceptors ( NAD+ and FAD)

23
Q

limiting factors of anaerobic respiration

A

glucose
concentration of enzymes involved in reaction
temperature and pH
availability of unloaded acceptors ( NAD+ and FAD)

24
Q

plants compensation point

A
  • when rate of photosynthesis is equal to rate of respiration, therefore not net gain/loss of carbohydrate (glucose)
  • oxygen being used during respiration equals amount being produced by photosynthesis
25
Q

difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

photosynthesis-endergonic process (needs energy) by converting solar energy into chemical energy, requires CO2, requires chlorophyll, requires water, occurs during sunlight, produces oxygen
-cellular respiration- exergonic process(released energy,) converts chemical energy into other forms, produces CO2, no chlorophyll required, produces water, occurs at all times in all living things, needs oxygen.

26
Q

evolution of mitochondria

A
  • few billion years ago, mitochondria evolved from primitive eukaryote engulfing, but not digesting prokaryotic cell- through endophagocytosis
  • could perform aerobic respiration, most efficient way of producing ATP.
  • with prokaryote inside it, primitive eukaryote would have advantage over neighbouring cells- beneficial association between prokaryote and eukaryote lived on as they produced offspring
  • over time cells lost ability to live independently, thus evolution of mitochondria
27
Q

evolution of chloroplasts

A
  • after eukaryotes acquired mitochondria, chloroplast evolved from primitive eukaryote engulfing, but not digesting prokaryotic cell- through endophagocytosis
  • could perform photosynthesis
  • with prokaryote inside it, primitive eukaryote would have advantage over neighbouring cells- beneficial association between prokaryote and eukaryote lived on as they produced offspring
  • over time cells lost ability to live independently, thus evolution of chloroplasts

Year 12 Biology (16 decks)

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