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Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the chloroplast envelope?

A
  • inner membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • outer membrane
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2
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

In the thylakoids

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3
Q

What name is given to a thylakoid stack?

A

Granum

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4
Q

Why are chloroplasts thought to have been independent organisms before being incorporated into plants?

A

Chloroplasts have rings of Dna separate to that of the plant

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5
Q

What substance in chloroplasts can be likened to cytoplasm?

A

Stroma

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6
Q

Which structures found in all types of cells are found in the stroma of chloroplasts?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Where within a chloroplasts is low pH found?

A

Within the thylakoid space

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8
Q

What happens in the stroma?

A

The light dependent reaction, turning co2 into carbohydrates

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9
Q

What happens in the grana?

A

The light dependent reaction, producing atp from glucose

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10
Q

Which pigments are involved in absorption of light?why different ones?

A

Chlorophyll a and b
Carotene
(Xanthophyll)
They absorb different wavelengths of light

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11
Q

What happens to the glucose produced during the light dependent stage?

A

Used for respiration
Used to produce cellulose
Stored as starch in the chloroplasts

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12
Q

Which type of cell is a chloroplast? How do they form?

A

They are plastids, formed when an immature proplastid is exposed to light

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13
Q

Define succession

A

Succession is the process by which an ecosystem changes over time, as sequences of communities develop after initial colonisation, each altering the environmental conditions.

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14
Q

Where does primary succession happen?

A

On newly formed or exposed rock without soil or organic material

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15
Q

Which species begin primary succession?

A

Pioneer species

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16
Q

Why do the species in an environment change?

A

Better adapted species outcompete each other

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17
Q

How does primary succession end?

A

The ecosystem gradually becomes more complex, resulting in a climax species (usually a forest)

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18
Q

Where does secondary succession happen?

A

On cleared land, where soil and organic matter remain, with seeds

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19
Q

What might cause secondary succession?

A

Fires, landslides or deforestation

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20
Q

What is different in secondary succession?

A

Pioneer species are larger and succession happens a lot faster

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21
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

Adenine, a ribose sugar and three phosphates

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23
Q

What is the advantage of layered thylakoid stacks?

A

Greater surface area, allowing more photo systems

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24
Q

Which enzyme is used to produce ATP?

25
Which enzyme breaks ATP down into ADP?
ATPsynthase
26
Define biosphere
Area that allows carbon-based life to exist, containing the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
27
Define environment
The physical, chemical and biological conditions of a region
28
Define niche
The way an organism interacts with its environment
29
Define population
A group of individuals
30
Define community
The naturally occurring group of animal and plant species in a habitat or region
31
Define species
Organisms with similar morphology, physiology and anatomy who can interbreed to produce fertile young
32
Which three types of factors affect distribution of organisms?
Abiotic (non-living/physical) Biotic (living) Anthropogenic (due to human activity, and may be biotic or abiotic)
33
Name some common abiotic factors in an environment.
Climate-temp, humidity and wind Catastrophe-natural disasters like volcanoes can wipe out species or alter habitat Oxygen availability-all organisms need o2, some more than others Solar energy input-lack of solar energy leads to lack of biodiversity as complex food web can't be supported Edaphic factors- soil moisture, pH etc Topography-altitude, cliffs, etc
34
Name some common biotic factors in an environment.
Predation Parasitism-can be harmless or harmful Grazing-can reduce diversity of plant life Mutualism-when organisms are solely reliant on specific other species it strictly controls their distribution Disease Intraspecific/interspecific competition
35
How can species be identified?
- Dna test (more than 99% match) - dichotomous key (or multiple access key) - test whether fertile young are produced in mating
36
What are the different groups in the hierarchy used to group species?
1. domain 2. kindom 3. phylum 4. class 5. order 6. family 7. genus 8. species
37
How many kingdoms are there? What are they?
5. ``` Kingdom animalia Kingdom plantae Kingdom fungi Kingdom protoctista Kingdom prokaryote ```
38
What is biodiversity?
The variability among living organisms from Al, sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and he ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
39
What name is given to areas of extremely high biodiversity? Name an example.
Biodiversity hotspots. | The Amazon rainforest is a good example.
40
What is intraspecific competition?
Competition between individuals of the same species
41
What is interspecific competition?
Competition between different species.
42
What happens to h2o in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Photolysis. It is broken down into an oxygen atom(waste product), two hydrogen ions(used to reduce nadp) and two electrons(return to photosystem two to top up electron count)
43
What do primary pigments do in photosynthesis?
Raise the energy levels of electrons (in presence of light)
44
What do accessory pigments do in photosynthesis?
Transfer light and chemical energy absorbed by photosystem two
45
What happens when light energy is available to a plant?
The light energy excites electrons, which move along an electron transport chain, losing energy.
46
How many types of photosystem are there, and what do they do?where are photosystems found?
2. They absorb different wavelengths of light, psI = 700nm and psII = 680nm Photosystems are found in the thylakoid.
47
What are the two types of photo phosphorylation? | What happens in this process?
Cyclic and non cyclic. Photo phosphorylation is the process by which ADP becomes ATP
48
How do cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation differ?
Cyclic uses only psI, electrons do not pass to nadp but back to psI. Non-cyclic starts at psII and then moves to psI along the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membranes.
49
Which products of the light dependent photosynthesis reactions travel to the Stroma to be used in light independent reactions?
- nadph (rnadp) | - ATP
50
What name is given to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis?
The Calvin cycle
51
What is RuBP, and what is its full name?
A 5 carbon compound | Ribulose biophosphate
52
Which enzyme is involved in carbon fixation?
RuBisCO | Ribulose biophosphate carboxylase
53
What is the result of carbon fixation?
A 6 carbon compound which is very unstable and breaks down into two GP molecules
54
What does GP stand for?
Glycerate-3-phosphate
55
How does GP become Galp?
GP is reduced, using hydrogen from nadph and energy from the reaction turning ATP back into ADP
56
How does e Calvin cycle produce carbohydrates?
2 of every 12 Galp molecules is involved in the creation of a 6 carbon sugar
57
How does the Calvin cycle form a cycle?
Galp which doesn't create sugars form 6 5-carbon molecules and phosphorylation using ATP produces RuBP
58
Which process occurs in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis | 6CO2+6H2O--->C6H12O6+6O2

Biology (3 decks)

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