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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of the chloroplast envelope?

A
  • inner membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • outer membrane
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2
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

In the thylakoids

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3
Q

What name is given to a thylakoid stack?

A

Granum

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4
Q

Why are chloroplasts thought to have been independent organisms before being incorporated into plants?

A

Chloroplasts have rings of Dna separate to that of the plant

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5
Q

What substance in chloroplasts can be likened to cytoplasm?

A

Stroma

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6
Q

Which structures found in all types of cells are found in the stroma of chloroplasts?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Where within a chloroplasts is low pH found?

A

Within the thylakoid space

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8
Q

What happens in the stroma?

A

The light dependent reaction, turning co2 into carbohydrates

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9
Q

What happens in the grana?

A

The light dependent reaction, producing atp from glucose

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10
Q

Which pigments are involved in absorption of light?why different ones?

A

Chlorophyll a and b
Carotene
(Xanthophyll)
They absorb different wavelengths of light

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11
Q

What happens to the glucose produced during the light dependent stage?

A

Used for respiration
Used to produce cellulose
Stored as starch in the chloroplasts

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12
Q

Which type of cell is a chloroplast? How do they form?

A

They are plastids, formed when an immature proplastid is exposed to light

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13
Q

Define succession

A

Succession is the process by which an ecosystem changes over time, as sequences of communities develop after initial colonisation, each altering the environmental conditions.

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14
Q

Where does primary succession happen?

A

On newly formed or exposed rock without soil or organic material

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15
Q

Which species begin primary succession?

A

Pioneer species

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16
Q

Why do the species in an environment change?

A

Better adapted species outcompete each other

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17
Q

How does primary succession end?

A

The ecosystem gradually becomes more complex, resulting in a climax species (usually a forest)

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18
Q

Where does secondary succession happen?

A

On cleared land, where soil and organic matter remain, with seeds

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19
Q

What might cause secondary succession?

A

Fires, landslides or deforestation

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20
Q

What is different in secondary succession?

A

Pioneer species are larger and succession happens a lot faster

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21
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

What makes up ATP?

A

Adenine, a ribose sugar and three phosphates

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23
Q

What is the advantage of layered thylakoid stacks?

A

Greater surface area, allowing more photo systems

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24
Q

Which enzyme is used to produce ATP?

A

ATPase

25
Q

Which enzyme breaks ATP down into ADP?

A

ATPsynthase

26
Q

Define biosphere

A

Area that allows carbon-based life to exist, containing the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

27
Q

Define environment

A

The physical, chemical and biological conditions of a region

28
Q

Define niche

A

The way an organism interacts with its environment

29
Q

Define population

A

A group of individuals

30
Q

Define community

A

The naturally occurring group of animal and plant species in a habitat or region

31
Q

Define species

A

Organisms with similar morphology, physiology and anatomy who can interbreed to produce fertile young

32
Q

Which three types of factors affect distribution of organisms?

A

Abiotic (non-living/physical)
Biotic (living)
Anthropogenic (due to human activity, and may be biotic or abiotic)

33
Q

Name some common abiotic factors in an environment.

A

Climate-temp, humidity and wind
Catastrophe-natural disasters like volcanoes can wipe out species or alter habitat
Oxygen availability-all organisms need o2, some more than others
Solar energy input-lack of solar energy leads to lack of biodiversity as complex food web can’t be supported
Edaphic factors- soil moisture, pH etc
Topography-altitude, cliffs, etc

34
Q

Name some common biotic factors in an environment.

A

Predation
Parasitism-can be harmless or harmful
Grazing-can reduce diversity of plant life
Mutualism-when organisms are solely reliant on specific other species it strictly controls their distribution
Disease
Intraspecific/interspecific competition

35
Q

How can species be identified?

A
  • Dna test (more than 99% match)
  • dichotomous key (or multiple access key)
  • test whether fertile young are produced in mating
36
Q

What are the different groups in the hierarchy used to group species?

A
  1. domain
  2. kindom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
37
Q

How many kingdoms are there? What are they?

A

5.

Kingdom animalia
Kingdom plantae
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom protoctista
Kingdom prokaryote
38
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variability among living organisms from Al, sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and he ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems

39
Q

What name is given to areas of extremely high biodiversity? Name an example.

A

Biodiversity hotspots.

The Amazon rainforest is a good example.

40
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

41
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between different species.

42
Q

What happens to h2o in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis.
It is broken down into an oxygen atom(waste product), two hydrogen ions(used to reduce nadp) and two electrons(return to photosystem two to top up electron count)

43
Q

What do primary pigments do in photosynthesis?

A

Raise the energy levels of electrons (in presence of light)

44
Q

What do accessory pigments do in photosynthesis?

A

Transfer light and chemical energy absorbed by photosystem two

45
Q

What happens when light energy is available to a plant?

A

The light energy excites electrons, which move along an electron transport chain, losing energy.

46
Q

How many types of photosystem are there, and what do they do?where are photosystems found?

A
  1. They absorb different wavelengths of light, psI = 700nm and psII = 680nm
    Photosystems are found in the thylakoid.
47
Q

What are the two types of photo phosphorylation?

What happens in this process?

A

Cyclic and non cyclic. Photo phosphorylation is the process by which ADP becomes ATP

48
Q

How do cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation differ?

A

Cyclic uses only psI, electrons do not pass to nadp but back to psI.
Non-cyclic starts at psII and then moves to psI along the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membranes.

49
Q

Which products of the light dependent photosynthesis reactions travel to the Stroma to be used in light independent reactions?

A
  • nadph (rnadp)

- ATP

50
Q

What name is given to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin cycle

51
Q

What is RuBP, and what is its full name?

A

A 5 carbon compound

Ribulose biophosphate

52
Q

Which enzyme is involved in carbon fixation?

A

RuBisCO

Ribulose biophosphate carboxylase

53
Q

What is the result of carbon fixation?

A

A 6 carbon compound which is very unstable and breaks down into two GP molecules

54
Q

What does GP stand for?

A

Glycerate-3-phosphate

55
Q

How does GP become Galp?

A

GP is reduced, using hydrogen from nadph and energy from the reaction turning ATP back into ADP

56
Q

How does e Calvin cycle produce carbohydrates?

A

2 of every 12 Galp molecules is involved in the creation of a 6 carbon sugar

57
Q

How does the Calvin cycle form a cycle?

A

Galp which doesn’t create sugars form 6 5-carbon molecules and phosphorylation using ATP produces RuBP

58
Q

Which process occurs in chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O6+6O2

Biology (3 decks)

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