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Biology A2 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Inter specific

A

Competition for resources between species

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2
Q

Intraspecific

A

Competition for resources within species

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3
Q

Deflected succession

A

Where succession is prevented by human activity

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4
Q

Climax community

A

Stable community conditions where it often remains unchanged

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5
Q

Where does the light dependent stage take place

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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6
Q

What is the enzyme that catalysts the fixation of RuBP and CO2

A

RuBISCO

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7
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living/ physical factors

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors

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9
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

Climate

Pollution

Solar energy input

Oxygen availability

Catastrophes

Topography

Edaphic- involved with soil

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10
Q

Examples of biotic factors

A

Competition

Mutualism

Grazing

Predation

Parasitism

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11
Q

Anthropogenic factors

A

Arise from human activity that can affect organisms

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12
Q

Succession

A

A process where a community changes over time

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13
Q

Primary succession

A

A newly formed habitat where there has never been a community before

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14
Q

Secondary succession

A

Where and existing community has been cleared and redevelops

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15
Q

Pioneer species

A

The first organisms to appear in a community that can withstand extreme and unstable conditions

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16
Q

Adaptations of pioneer species in secondary succession

A

Short life span

Quick growth

Seeds disperse quickly by the wind

Abundant seed population

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17
Q

Examples of human activity that deflects succession

A

Mowing

Burning

Grazing

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18
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent

Light independent

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19
Q

What reactants are needed for the light dependent stage

A

Light energy, water, oxidised NADP, ADP, inorganic phosphate

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20
Q

What are the products from the light dependent stage

A

Reduced NADP

ATP

Oxygen as a waste product

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21
Q

Reactants for the light independent stage

A

Reduced NADP

ATP

Carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Products from the light independent stage

A

Glucose

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23
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

Helps the transfer of electrons. Easily accept electrons and become reduced

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24
Q

Describe how the electron transport chain takes place

A

Light energy increases the energy of electrons in the chloroplast, they become excited

The chlorophyll becomes oxidised as the electron leaves the chlorophyll and it is transferred from one carrier protein to another in a series of redox reactions.

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25
Q

What are the products from photolysis

A

2H+ 2e- and 1/2 O

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26
Q

What is the H+ used for in the, Iight dependent stage

A

Used with the electrons from the electron transport chain to reduce the NADP

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27
Q

Where does the light independent stage take place

A

In the stroma

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28
Q

How are the two GP molecules produced

A

1C carbon dioxide fixates 5C RuBP

Immediately splits into two GP both three carbon

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29
Q

What are the products from the light dependent stage for?

A

The ATP provides energy for the reduction to GALP to happen

The reduced NADP becomes oxidised and allows the reduction to GALP to happen

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30
Q

What happens to the 10 GALP that is not produced as glucose

A

The rest of the GALP is phosphorylase using ATP to produce RuBP

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31
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain energy from organic matter

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32
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their energy by eating other organisms

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33
Q

Primary consumers

A

Heterotrophs that eat plant material

34
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Known as carnivores, they feed on primary consumers

35
Q

Detritivores

A

Primary consumers that feed on dead organic material

36
Q

Decomposers

A

Species of bacteria and fungi that feed on dead remains of organisms

37
Q

The law of limiting factors

A

When a process is affected by more than one factor, it’s rate that is limiting is furthest away from its optimum

38
Q

Gross primary production

A

The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules

39
Q

Calculation for rate of photosynthesis

A

GPP/ light energy striking plant X100

40
Q

Net primary profit

A

The rate at which the energy transferred becomes the organisms new biomass

41
Q

Calculation for NPP

A

GPP- plant respiration

42
Q

Reasons why energy transfer is not efficient

A

Not all available food gets eaten

Some energy is lost by exception

Most energy is used in respiration

43
Q

What sources of evidence can be used to study climate change from the past

A

Pollen peat bogs

Temperature records

Dendrochronology

44
Q

Why can pollen be collected from peat bogs

A

Due to acidic and anaerobic conditions, decaying plants may stop decaying all together so pollen accumulates on the surface

45
Q

What can be used to establish the date of the pollen

A

Carbon dating using carbon isotope C14

46
Q

Precision

A

The closeness of repeated measurements to one another

47
Q

Accurate

A

Close to the true value

48
Q

Systematic error

A

Errors that occur due to incorrectly calibrated equipment or a fault in the experimental procedure

49
Q

Random error

A

An error that can occur due to carelessness or not following the standard procedure

50
Q

What adaptations do some plants have to escape grazing?

A

Being prickly

Stinging

Mimicry- some plants look like nettles so other animals stay away from it

Being unpalatable

51
Q

What is the equation summarising the splitting of water

A

H2O–> 2H* + 2e- +1/2O2

52
Q

What is the equation summarising the reduction of NADP

A

2H* +2e- +NADP –> reduced NADP

53
Q

Processes that put carbon back into the atmosphere

A

Respiration

Combustion

Decay

54
Q

Processes that take carbon away from the atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis

Dissolving

55
Q

Where is the oxygen produced in the light dependent stage

A

In the thylakoid space

56
Q

Why is the use of biofuel carbon dioxide neutral?

A

The fuel source has recently absorbed the carbon dioxide which is now being released

57
Q

Carbon sink

A

A stage in the carbon cycle where carbon remains locked

58
Q

Give examples of pioneer species from primary succession

A

Lichens and algae

59
Q

What is the name of the light independent cycle

A

Calvin cycle

60
Q

Calculation for GPP

A

NPP + R (plant respiration)

61
Q

DNA profiling

A

A technique that distinguishes individuals on the basis of their strand of DNA

62
Q

Intron

A

A non coding section of DNA

63
Q

Exon

A

The coding regions of DNA

64
Q

STRs (short tandem repeat since)

A

The sequences of repeated bases found in introns

65
Q

What is the name of the restriction enzyme cut pattern

A

Sticky ends, this is where the DNA is not cut in the middle, specific sequences are identified and when the DNA strand is cut it can complementary base pair up with the opposite strand

66
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Found naturally in bacteria, will only cut specific DNA sequences on either side of the STR

67
Q

What are restriction enzymes also referred to as?

A

Restriction endonucleases

68
Q

What practical is used to investigate the length of DNA fragments?

A

Gel electrophoresis

69
Q

Ecological isolation

A

The species that occupy different parts of a habitat

70
Q

Temporal isolation

A

The species exist in the same area but reproduce at different times

71
Q

Behavioural isolation

A

The species exist in the same area but do not respond to each other’s courtship behaviour

72
Q

Physical imcompatibility

A

Species co exist but there are physical reasons that prevent them from copulating

73
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

In some species hybrids are produced but they do not survive long enough to breed.

74
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Hybrids survive to reproductive age but cannot reproduce

75
Q

Geographical isolation speciation

A

A catastrophe like a flood or a drought may occur which causes a area to be geographically isolated. Environmental conditions may vary which causes the species to adapt to their changed environment- different mutations may occur. There may be physical differences between them which allows them to be infertile

76
Q

The optimum temperature of hatching brine shrimp

A

25 degrees Celsius

77
Q

Factors that create carbon dioxide imbalance

A

Combustion of fossil fuels

Deforestation

Volcanic activity

Acid rain

78
Q

How could the reliability of a scientists research be increased

A

Peer review

If the paper was published

Present findings at a scientific conference

79
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Where two species are unable to breed together to produce fertile offspring and are considered to be two separate species

80
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship in which both partners benefit

Biology A2 (2 decks)

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