Topic 5 Flashcards
Inter specific
Competition for resources between species
Intraspecific
Competition for resources within species
Deflected succession
Where succession is prevented by human activity
Climax community
Stable community conditions where it often remains unchanged
Where does the light dependent stage take place
In the thylakoid membrane
What is the enzyme that catalysts the fixation of RuBP and CO2
RuBISCO
Abiotic factors
Non living/ physical factors
Biotic factors
Living factors
Examples of abiotic factors
Climate
Pollution
Solar energy input
Oxygen availability
Catastrophes
Topography
Edaphic- involved with soil
Examples of biotic factors
Competition
Mutualism
Grazing
Predation
Parasitism
Anthropogenic factors
Arise from human activity that can affect organisms
Succession
A process where a community changes over time
Primary succession
A newly formed habitat where there has never been a community before
Secondary succession
Where and existing community has been cleared and redevelops
Pioneer species
The first organisms to appear in a community that can withstand extreme and unstable conditions
Adaptations of pioneer species in secondary succession
Short life span
Quick growth
Seeds disperse quickly by the wind
Abundant seed population
Examples of human activity that deflects succession
Mowing
Burning
Grazing
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis
Light dependent
Light independent
What reactants are needed for the light dependent stage
Light energy, water, oxidised NADP, ADP, inorganic phosphate
What are the products from the light dependent stage
Reduced NADP
ATP
Oxygen as a waste product
Reactants for the light independent stage
Reduced NADP
ATP
Carbon dioxide
Products from the light independent stage
Glucose
What is a coenzyme
Helps the transfer of electrons. Easily accept electrons and become reduced
Describe how the electron transport chain takes place
Light energy increases the energy of electrons in the chloroplast, they become excited
The chlorophyll becomes oxidised as the electron leaves the chlorophyll and it is transferred from one carrier protein to another in a series of redox reactions.
What are the products from photolysis
2H+ 2e- and 1/2 O
What is the H+ used for in the, Iight dependent stage
Used with the electrons from the electron transport chain to reduce the NADP
Where does the light independent stage take place
In the stroma
How are the two GP molecules produced
1C carbon dioxide fixates 5C RuBP
Immediately splits into two GP both three carbon
What are the products from the light dependent stage for?
The ATP provides energy for the reduction to GALP to happen
The reduced NADP becomes oxidised and allows the reduction to GALP to happen
What happens to the 10 GALP that is not produced as glucose
The rest of the GALP is phosphorylase using ATP to produce RuBP
Autotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from organic matter
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain their energy by eating other organisms
Primary consumers
Heterotrophs that eat plant material
Secondary consumer
Known as carnivores, they feed on primary consumers
Detritivores
Primary consumers that feed on dead organic material
Decomposers
Species of bacteria and fungi that feed on dead remains of organisms
The law of limiting factors
When a process is affected by more than one factor, it’s rate that is limiting is furthest away from its optimum
Gross primary production
The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules
Calculation for rate of photosynthesis
GPP/ light energy striking plant X100
Net primary profit
The rate at which the energy transferred becomes the organisms new biomass
Calculation for NPP
GPP- plant respiration
Reasons why energy transfer is not efficient
Not all available food gets eaten
Some energy is lost by exception
Most energy is used in respiration
What sources of evidence can be used to study climate change from the past
Pollen peat bogs
Temperature records
Dendrochronology
Why can pollen be collected from peat bogs
Due to acidic and anaerobic conditions, decaying plants may stop decaying all together so pollen accumulates on the surface
What can be used to establish the date of the pollen
Carbon dating using carbon isotope C14
Precision
The closeness of repeated measurements to one another
Accurate
Close to the true value
Systematic error
Errors that occur due to incorrectly calibrated equipment or a fault in the experimental procedure
Random error
An error that can occur due to carelessness or not following the standard procedure
What adaptations do some plants have to escape grazing?
Being prickly
Stinging
Mimicry- some plants look like nettles so other animals stay away from it
Being unpalatable
What is the equation summarising the splitting of water
H2O–> 2H* + 2e- +1/2O2
What is the equation summarising the reduction of NADP
2H* +2e- +NADP –> reduced NADP
Processes that put carbon back into the atmosphere
Respiration
Combustion
Decay
Processes that take carbon away from the atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Dissolving
Where is the oxygen produced in the light dependent stage
In the thylakoid space
Why is the use of biofuel carbon dioxide neutral?
The fuel source has recently absorbed the carbon dioxide which is now being released
Carbon sink
A stage in the carbon cycle where carbon remains locked
Give examples of pioneer species from primary succession
Lichens and algae
What is the name of the light independent cycle
Calvin cycle
Calculation for GPP
NPP + R (plant respiration)
DNA profiling
A technique that distinguishes individuals on the basis of their strand of DNA
Intron
A non coding section of DNA
Exon
The coding regions of DNA
STRs (short tandem repeat since)
The sequences of repeated bases found in introns
What is the name of the restriction enzyme cut pattern
Sticky ends, this is where the DNA is not cut in the middle, specific sequences are identified and when the DNA strand is cut it can complementary base pair up with the opposite strand
Restriction enzymes
Found naturally in bacteria, will only cut specific DNA sequences on either side of the STR
What are restriction enzymes also referred to as?
Restriction endonucleases
What practical is used to investigate the length of DNA fragments?
Gel electrophoresis
Ecological isolation
The species that occupy different parts of a habitat
Temporal isolation
The species exist in the same area but reproduce at different times
Behavioural isolation
The species exist in the same area but do not respond to each other’s courtship behaviour
Physical imcompatibility
Species co exist but there are physical reasons that prevent them from copulating
Hybrid inviability
In some species hybrids are produced but they do not survive long enough to breed.
Hybrid sterility
Hybrids survive to reproductive age but cannot reproduce
Geographical isolation speciation
A catastrophe like a flood or a drought may occur which causes a area to be geographically isolated. Environmental conditions may vary which causes the species to adapt to their changed environment- different mutations may occur. There may be physical differences between them which allows them to be infertile
The optimum temperature of hatching brine shrimp
25 degrees Celsius
Factors that create carbon dioxide imbalance
Combustion of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Volcanic activity
Acid rain
How could the reliability of a scientists research be increased
Peer review
If the paper was published
Present findings at a scientific conference
Reproductive isolation
Where two species are unable to breed together to produce fertile offspring and are considered to be two separate species
Mutualism
A relationship in which both partners benefit
