Topic 5

Question 1

Which 2 sociologists observe that the most significant feature of recorded crime is gender differences?

Answer 1

Heidensohn and Silverstri

Question 2

Give 2 evidence that official statistics show that men commit more crimes than women.

Answer 2

1. 3 out 4 convicted offenders in England and Wales are men
2. by the age of 40, 9% of females have a criminal conviction against 32%

Question 3

Which gender is typically convicted for property offences except Burglary?

Answer 3

Women

Question 4

Which gender is typically convicted for violence or sexual offences?

Answer 4

Men

Question 5

What evidence is there to show that men are more likely to be repeat offenders, have longer criminal careers and commit more serious crimes?

Answer 5

Men are 15 times more likely to be committed of homicide

Question 6

What are the 2 arguments as to why official statistics underestimate the amount of female crime?

Answer 6

1. typical female crimes are less likely to be reported
2. even when female crimes are reported they are less likely to be convicted

Question 7

What is another name for the Chivalry thesis?

Answer 7

Leniency

Question 8

Who argues that there is less reported female crime because men are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women?

Answer 8

Pollack

Question 9

What do Graham and Bowling find using self-report studies to support the Chivalry thesis?

Answer 9

They found men were 2.33 times more likely to admit to a crime according to self report studies but 4 times more likely to be convicted in official statistics

Question 10

Give 3 pieces of evidence that appear to give support to the chivalry thesis.

Answer 10

1. females are more likely to be released on bail than remain in custody
2. females are more likely to be fined or sentenced to community device rather than sent to prison
3. 1 in 9 women are sentenced to prison for shoplifting in comparison to 5 in 9 males

Question 11

Whose study of 408 offences of thefts in a magistrate’s court found that women
were not sentenced more leniently for comparable offences?

Answer 11

Farmington and Morris

Question 12

How can self-report studies be used as evidence against the chivalry thesis?

Answer 12

Self report studies provide evidence that makes commit more crime

Question 13

How does the underreporting of male crimes against women criticize the chivalry thesis?

Answer 13

Highlights the fact that many make crimes do not get reported

Question 14

Why is the underlying reason why feminists believe the courts are biased against women rather than biased in favour of women?

Answer 14

Patriarchy

Question 15

What does Heidensohn say is the reason for the harsher treatment of women by the courts?

Answer 15

Double standards

Question 16

What did Sharpe find that supports the claim that there are double standards
regarding court punishment of boys and girls?

Answer 16

Girls were punished harsher by courts for the same sexually promiscuous activities

Question 17

Which sociologist found that the magistrate’s persecution of the character of female offenders was based on stereotypical gender roles that are biased against women who do not accept the standards of monogamous heterosexuality and motherhood?

Answer 17

Stewart

Question 18

What do feminists argue are the sources of these double standards?

Answer 18

The criminal justice system is Patrichial

Question 19

What are the three explanations of gender differences in crime?

Answer 19

Functional sex role theory, control thesis and Liberation thesis

Question 20

Which functionalist traces differences in crime and deviance to the gender roles
in the conventional nuclear family?

Answer 20

Parsons

Question 21

According to Parsons why do boys seek to reject feminine role models and seek
compensatory compulsory masculinity which often slips into acts of delinquency?

Answer 21

Father’s instrumental role exist outside the socialisation of boys

Question 22

Why do boys commit crimes according to New Right sociologists?

Answer 22

Inability of lone parent mothers to socialise boys

Question 23

Why does Sandra Walklate criticise the sex role theoty for its biological
functions?

Answer 23

Parsons accused for biologically assume that women are best suited for socialisation because they can give birth

Question 24

Who argues that women commit less crime because patriarchal society imposes greater control over them at home, in public spaces and at work?

Question 25

According to Dobash and Dobashhow are women controlled in the home?

Question 26

What are the two types of fear women have that allow society to control them in public spaces?

Question 27

Which crime survey found that 54% of women against 14 % of men avoided going out in the dark =for fear of being victims of crime?

Question 28

According to Heidensohn why are women also controlled at work?

Question 29

Which feminist speaks about class and gender deals?

Question 30

What is the meaning of class deals?

Question 31

What is the meaning of gender deals?

Question 32

Why does working-class women's inability to access class deals lead to them committing crimes?

Question 33

Why does working-class women's inability to access gender deals lead to them committing crimes?

Question 34

Why are Carlen and Heidensohn approaches useful?

Question 35

In what two ways can Carlen‘s study and Heidensohn's study be criticised?

Question 36

Which sociologists put forward the liberation thesis?

Question 37

What explanation does Adler give to show that lessening the power of patriarchal control over society is what increases female crime?

Question 38

Give two pieces of evidence that support Adler’s liberation thesis.

Question 39

Give three criticisms of Adler’s liberation thesis.

Question 40

Why is Adler's liberation thesis in contribution a useful explanation of gendered crime?

Question 41

Give 3 pieces of evidence that show gender differences in victimisation.

Question 42

Why did feminists see non-feminist theories of crime as male-stream?

Question 43

Who argues that different social groups of mean use crime and deviance differently to accomplish masculinity?

Question 44

In what 2 ways can Messershimidt’s study be criticised

Question 45

Which sociologist argues that in postmodern society men use violence as a way of displaying violence masculinity as well as using it as a commodity to earn a living from?

Question 46

Why is Winslow’s study of bouncers in Sunderland in the northeast of England important in explanations of male crime?