Topic 5 Flashcards
Population density
How many people live in an area
What are core regions of the UK?
Urban areas like this are known as the core regions of the UK.
What are examples of UK core regions?
London, Manchester, Birmingham
What are examples of primary jobs?
Forestry, fishing, farming, mining
What are examples of secondary sector jobs?
Manufacture, Construct, Refine:
Car manufacturers
Builders
Steel workers
What are examples of tertiary sector jobs?
Service, distribute:
Legal services
Distribution
Customer service
Accounting
Why have primary sector jobs decreased?
Abroad competition of cheaper labour and increased use of machinery
Why have secondary sector jobs decreased?
Due to increases in imported goods and manufacturing and also through competition from abroad of cheaper labour.
Why have tertiary sector jobs increased?
Due to higher paying jobs and is more profitable to provide these sources. Demand has also increased due to increases in population through migration.
What is mechanisation?
An increase in use of machinery within manufactyring
How have raw materials resulted in the collapse of primary and secondary industries?
Through the exhaustion of materials and increased difficulty of extraction. This increases expenses and tax, so businesses move to other areas, reducing employment.
How has competition from abroad resulted in the collapse of primary and secondary industries?
Imports from other countries became cheaper than labour costs in the UK. This is due to sweat shops and lack of employment and wage laws in foreign countries, resulting in cheaper labour and therefore cheaper product.
How has the negative cycle of decline caused a collapse of primary and secondary industries?
These are the consequences of the shutting down of large industries, generally in rural areas. Subsequently, poverty and homelessness increases and employment rates decrease, further resulting in the collapse of other industries. This may also cause the mass movement of population from rural areas as living conditions worsen
How have government policies resulted in the collapse of primary and secondary industries?
The UK has more human right and employment laws such as minimum wages; sweat shops and cheaper labour became illegal in the UK, increasing costs of labour. Employment rates in these industries decrease due to these expenses compared to other countries cheaper labour.
How has transport allowed for an increase in tertiary industries?
Allows for better access to other areas through motorways and railways and to other countries through airports, allowing for quick access to tertiary industries.
How has the geographical positon allowed for an increase in tertiary industries?
As rail and road networks centre on and radiate from London. The region is very also close to the EuroTunnel, gaining access to Europe. Subsequently access to tertiary industries increases allowing for growth in employment.
How has Government decisions allowed for an increase in tertiary industries?
They may have encouraged firms and businesses to leave London and relocate in rural areas in the SE, increasing employment rates in areas outside of London
How has markets allowed for an increase in tertiary industries?
Increase in demand of certain industries and increase of skilled local labour forces (oxbridge), increasing tertiary employment and cheaper labour for students
What are footloose industries?
Footloose industries are those which can be located anywhere in the world. This is due to the foot that the companies are not reliant on specific resources or services in a particular area
What is FDI?
Foreign Direct Investment is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country.
What is an example of rise in tertiary, decrease in primary/ secondary?
Middlesborough:
• 1947 – Last coal mine closes
• 1971 – 40% of people employed in
manufacturing, 10% today
• Domino effect
• Rise in tertiary industry, especially in public sector and call centres
What is globalisation?
the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
Why is FDI growing due to globalisation?
- Transport and communication links have improved, making it easier for companies ti operate in the UK
- London developed as a global financial centre. Many foreign banks have located here- network opportunties
Why is FDI growing due to Free trade?
- Free trade policies reduce import and export restrictions, easier for countries to trade
- EU promoted free trade between member countries- increasing FDI from the EU
Why is FDI growing due to privatisation?
- Services previously run by uk government have been offered to private firms. This increases FDI as foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses
- Privatization allows foreign investors to enter industries that were previously controlled by the government, such as energy, telecommunications, transportation, and finance.
- Private companies often run businesses more efficiently than government-controlled entities, making them more attractive to foreign investors looking for profitable ventures.
- Many governments privatize sectors like railways, airports, and utilities, requiring massive investment that foreign companies can provide.
How is the Uk positively affected by TNCs?
- Jobs are created
- Large scale projects can be built that the UK government can’t afford to pay for
- TNCs often lead the way in the development of new products, technology and business practices, increasing productivity in other firms
How is the Uk negatively affected by TNCs?
It can lead to an over-reliance on TNCs, if there is a problem elsewhere, the Uk economy is affected
- Big effects if TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers
- Local businesses struggle to compete against TNCs
What is site?
The location or land on which a place is built
What is situation?
Situation is the location of a place in relation to other places, i.e. for London - its location within the UK.
What are 3 characteristics of London’s site?
By the Thames
Thames shallow, ideal for bridges
Flat land maximises areas for building infrastructure and buildings
Why has London’s site enabled the area to grow?
Due to the river Thames, London has grown due to direct importing of goods into London (West India Docks), helping directly develop the area. Furthermore, the river allowed for the construction of bridges, attracting both tourists and a growth in population, facilitating a growth in economy, filling available jobs, particularly in factories.
What are 2 reason London’s situation has facilitated the growth of the city?
Through time zones. Allow workers in London’s financing industries to trade with countries such as Asia, Australia and New York, directly benefiting the economy through increased trade.
Another reason London’s situation has facilitated the growth of the city is through transport routes . The river allows access to the North sea, increasing trade with other European countries, allowing for a growth in economy. Furthermore, internationally, London is classified as the world’s largest international ‘air hub’, allowing for increased trade and access into London, providing a growth in population, further aided through its connectivity with Europe.
How has London’s site and situation provided political significance?
Many political building are based in London due to its increased connectivity internationally and nationally. Furthermore, due to its large population, governments in London may become more influential within London due to its direct connectivity with other countries
How has London’s site and situation provided social significance?
Through top education and universities, many are brought from across the globe to London, further aided through its variety in job opportunities for immigrants. Furthermore,e London is extremely diverse, further increasing its significance for other immigrants, forming communities of certain ethnic groups
What does CBD stand for?
Central Business District
What is the function, building age, land use and environmental quality of the CBD?
Function: Business, finances, accommodation
Age: Relatively modern
Land use: High rise office blocks and historical buildings, lots of parks, commercial buildings
Env quality: Very good
What is the function, building age, land use and environmental quality of the Inner city?
Function: Tourism, accommodation, transport routes
Age: 1960s-70s or modern
Land use: Terraced housing, high- rise flats
Env quality: Poor quality, some green space
What is the function, building age, land use and environmental quality of the Suburbs?
Function: Large houses surrounded by countryside, living/housing, education
Age: 1900s semi-detached
Land use: Middle class residential, schools, large gardens, shopping facilities
Env quality: Good quality, green space, countryside, more open space
What is the function, building age, land use and environmental quality of the Urban-Rural Fringe?
Function: Industrial, commercial, residential
Age: 1900s
Land use: Oil, manufacturing, some industries, mainly residential
Env quality: High, Lots of green space, good air quality
Why is London such a popular destination for migrants?
- Many migrate due to its high employment and need for low skilled workers for tourism
- Large diversity within the UK so communities of ethnicities form
- Provides rented property for cheap rented accomodation
Why is migration an economic necessity for London’s economy?
- Requires high maintenance and low skilled workers, popular amongst migrants
- Also has a balanced high-paying industry for highly skilled workers
- Variety of industries
Why are migration rates higher in certain locations?
Migrants of similar ethnicities often migrate to the same location due to potential racism and discrimination, making it less likely when in the same community
These clusters often support ethnic shops and services and help to preserve cultural distinctiveness, further attracting migrants
Cheaper accommodation may often attract migrants as well, evident through lower migration rates in Richmond compared to areas of North West and West London such as Southall
What percentage of people are born foreign in Newham?
54%
What percentage of people are born foreign in Richmond Upon Thames?
34%
Why may percentage of population between 25-35 be higher in Newham and Lambeth than Richmond?
Due to a series of factors such as cheaper rented accommodation, communities and ethnic shops and services, migration rates in Newham and Lambeth (Inner City), suggested as most migrants are working ages between the age of 24-34 as migrants often migrate into areas of London for job opportunities, mainly low skilled workers
What is net migration into London in 2014 compared to 2018?
2014: 100000
2018: 200000
Why is there a higher birth rate in London?
Due to higher immigration rates, more young people migrate into London, resulting in more births, thus increasing London’s birth rate
What percentage population of Newham and Lambeth are Asian, Indian or black African?
15-20%
Why is population growth in London so rapid?
- Rapidly increasing migration rates for highly skilled and low skilled workers in a variety of industries have resulted in a gristh of population
- The majority of migrants into London are of child-bearing age, increasing birth rate and thus further increasing London’s population
What is inequality?
The uneven distribution of income, differences in access to services and a general lack of wealth
What is deprivation?
A lack of wealth and services. It generally means low standards of living caused by lower income, poor health and poor educational qualifications. It is measured on the index of multiple deprivation
What percentage of 5-16 year olds have free school meals in Newham and Richmond?
Newham: 20%
Richmond: 8.4%
What percentage of adults are educated to degree level in Newham and Richmond?
Newham: 26%
Richmond: 64%
What are reasons for educational inequality between Richmond and Newham?
Many of the best state schools are in wealthy areas. Therefore wealthy parents send their children there. Wealthy parents living in areas with schools that aren’t as good are able to send their children to private schools meaning children from lower income families end up going to underperforming state schools. From there they may not get the best qualifications and which could lead to less job opportunity and a lower income.
What is the average income in Newham and Richmond?
Newham: £28780
Richmond: £55000
What are reasons for inequality in income/ employment in Newham and Richmond?
There are fewer manufacturing jobs in the inner city- new industries locate on the outskirts so its harder for people to find suitable work. Over 25% of London’s population are living in poverty due to low income and unemployment. Furthermore, those in Newham often have poorer education or are migrants, resulting in decreased employment or low skilled jobs, further causing lower income
What is the infant mortality rate in Newham and Richmond?
Newham: 5.5 (per 1000 births)
Richmond: 2.75 (per 1000 births)
What is reasons for inequality in health between Newham and Richmond?
Unhealthy lifestyles are more common in deprived areas. Subsequently, life expectancy is up to 5 years lower in poorer areas. Furthermore it is less likely people can afford private healthcare and hospitality, reducing equipment and success, thus resulting in poorer health. Poorer areas often have higher population density due to shared housing, overcrowding, council estates and less private ownership. Subsequently, there is higher demand on services, resulting in less availability of hospitality.
What is the crime rate in Newham and Richmond?
Newham: 130 crimes per 1000 people per year
Richmond: 54 crimes per 1000 people per year
What is the reasons for inequality in services between Newham and Richmond?
Rapid population growth often puts pressure on services and education. Funding services is also more difficult in deprived areas as the council receive less funding from taxes, reducing services. However, in less deprived areas, services are more common due to smaller population and population density as the council receives more money from taxes, businesses and industry.
Why have the London Docklands faced decline?
Due to the development in size of boats, reducing direct importation of goods through the river. Subsequently, bridges were built with adaptation for boats and increase in flight import from other countries. This reduced employment within factories, decreasing popularity of businesses in the area, causing them to close through depopulation. This increased vandalism, resulting in increased crime. Furthermore, derelict buildings further resulted in visual pollution and thus depopulation and decentralisation of the area
What is Deindustrialisation?
the decline of industry activity in a region.
What is depopulation?
reduction of people in an area, they move away from an area.
What is decentralisation?
the movement of people, factories, offices and shops away from the city centre to suburban and edge-of-city locations.
What percentage of jobs were lost in dockland areas between 1966-1976?
20%
How has e-commerce caused the decline of the Inner city and CBD
The growth of e-commerce (online shopping) has recently put further pressure on high street shops. Some firms have moved to distribution centres on the edge of the city where they can distribute goods to online shoppers easily. Others have been forced to close down.
How has financial and business services and TNC investment provided economic growth to the Rural Urban Fringe and Inner City
- The growth of finance and business services is revitalising the CBD The City of London has emerged as a global centre for banking, insurance and law companies, which benefit from being close to each other.
- Many TNCs locate their sales and marketing departments and headquarters in London because of its importance as a financial centre. TNCs based in London include HSBC, Shell, GlaxoSmithKline and Virgin Atlantic Airways. These in turn
attract further investment as they help to cement London’s identity as a global city. - The presence of corporate headquarters, call centers, and technology hubs provides employment, raising local incomes.
- Investment in roads, rail, and digital connectivity attracts more businesses and skilled professionals to the area
- Higher incomes and business activity drive demand for housing and commercial properties, boosting the local economy.
- Regeneration of Derelict Areas: Financial districts like Canary Wharf (London) and Salford Quays (Manchester) have replaced former industrial sites, attracting global firms and increasing property values.
- Corporate investment encourages the development of shopping centers, hotels, and restaurants, drawing in visitors and additional revenue.
How has Gentrification and Studentification provided economic growth to the Rural Urban Fringe and Inner City
- Some areas, e.g. Islington, have been gentrified - wealthier people move in to run down areas and regenerate them by improving their houses. New businesses are springing up in gentrified areas to cater for the wealthier newcomers.
• Other areas, e.g. Camden, have been studentified - a high student population has led to thriving services and entertainment venues, generating new jobs and wealth for the area.
How has Leisure and Culture provided economic growth to the Rural Urban Fringe and Inner City
London hosted the Olympic games in 2012, with most investment taking place in London’s East End. This was one of London’s most deprived areas but it now has new transport links, and the athletes’ village has been developed into a modern housing estate. The sports stadiums are open for community use as well as world sporting events. New jobs have been created and lots of people are moving to the area.
What is rebranding?
Changing the name and theme of an area through marketing it. This should improve and encourage people to go there
What is regeneration?
Rebuilding areas by adding new services, jobs and housing, updating transport and commerce
Where was the 2012 Olympics held?
Stratford (East London)
Name 3 positive impacts of the regeneration/ rebranding scheme of the 2012 Olympics parks
- It will create 9,000 new homes, with 50% going to housing associations for affordable housing or social (council) housing
- The urban wasteland of the Lower Lea Valley (one UK’s most polluted rivers) was described as ecologically ‘dead’ is now hugely improved and full of life!
- 12,000 jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic Park alone. Jobs will vary in skill level from BT at HereEast and high-tech start ups to lower service paid jobs in Westfield.
Name 3 negative impacts of the regeneration/ rebranding scheme of the 2012 Olympics parks
- Old communities were broken up. People forced to leave the area and move out of London to Chigwell, Essex to find new homes, others had to seek smaller houses
- Rental costs have also shot up and a combination of rising rents make it increasingly difficult for households on low incomes to find accommodation in the area– they leave
- Since 2012, Newham has recorded the largest property price rises of any London borough and the area around the East Village has emerged as a “buy to let” hotspot.
What were the positive impacts of the regeneration of the London docklands into Canary Warf?
• Transport links were improved - the new Docklands Light Railway and Jubilee Line extension carry thousands of passengers a day.
• The environment has been improved and quality green space created, e.g. the Thames Barrier Park.
• Businesses have been attracted back, creating jobs- Canary Wharf is now home to many media organisations and global banks, e.g. Barclays.
• The population has increased and people have more money to spend in local shops and cafés, so many businesses have thrived.
What were the negative impacts of the regeneration of the London docklands into Canary Warf?
- Many local people had to leave. 36% of the local population were unskilled workers and most lived in council housing, so couldn’t afford the new houses and weren’t suited to the new jobs.
- Some traditional businesses, e.g. pubs, and old community centres closed, and were replaced with services for the wealthier newcomers, e.g. expensive restaurants and artisan bakeries.
- Existing communities were broken up — people moved to new towns and estates on the edge of London, e.g. Chigwell in Essex.
What is quality of life?
All the factors that affect a person’s general well-being and happiness
What is social sustainability?
People have access to good services
What is economic sustainability?
A range of jobs are available with fair wages
What is environmental sustainability?
Resources are used in a manner to minimise usage and ensure safe disposal of waste products to not damage the natural environment
What is the solution to unsustainability in transport?
Noise and air pollution can be reduced:
* Congestion charging discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times
* Electric buses and zero-emission taxis reduce emissions from public transport
What is the solution to unsustainability in employment?
Increasing employment opportunities reduces poverty and improves economic sustainability. The London Living Wage encourage businesses to pay a fair wage, taking into account London’s cost of living, meaning people can progress to higher paying jobs
What is the solution to unsustainability in affordable housing?
Affordable housing also reduces poverty whilst sustaining employment in the city without moving away from London. This further sustains economic sustainability.
What is the solution to unsustainability in green space?
Green spaces have environmental benefits and make sure cities remain places where people want to live and work, further reducing poverty and increasing population within London, whilst also benefiting both businesses and workers.
What is the solution to unsustainability in waste/ recycling?
More recycling and less waste means fewer resources are used. Waste recycling schemes include the collection of household recycling boxes and recycling facilities for larger items.
What is the solution to unsustainability in energy efficient housing?
Houses may be built to maximise energy efficiency, having a positive environmental impact and reducing emissions through increased insulation, solar lighting and heating system, water-saving appliances, all of which helping to reduce energy consumption
Why is transport the most sustainable solution?
A change in transport would have huge impact on the reduction of city emissions and energy consumption, often sued for workers and employees. Changing these transport methods to electric or zero-emission would minimise emissions whilst making little difference or inconvenience to the population. It would therefore be socially, environmentally and economically efficient.
Why is energy efficient housing the least sustainable solution?
Whilst it may be effective in minimising energy consumption and emissions, it is an unrealistic and expensive expectation, particularly within the city centre of London which would force house prices to increase, opposing the sustainability of affordable housing
How is housing a challenge in rural areas surrounding London?
- House prices increase so people are unable to afford homes. Seven-oak district is amongst the 30% most deprived areas for housing
- As pressure to build more houses grows, more green space could be at risk
How is healthcare a challenge in rural areas surrounding London?
- Some GP surgeries in smaller communities are threatened by closure. West Kingsdown surgery nearly closed in 2016
- Many elderly people on rural areas don’t own cars so they struggle to get to healthcare facilities as local ones close down
- Aginf population requires more healthcare services
- More expensive- rise in taxes to pay for healthcare
How is education a challenge in rural areas surrounding London?
- Schools in small villages are closing due to declining numbers of population, They are also ageing as younger people leave an area, local birth rates fall, and the ratio of working age to retired residents declines.
- Young people may have to travel long distances to get to schools
How is employment a challenge in rural areas surrounding London?
- Employment deprivation is concentrated in a few small areas
- Increased use if technology and mechanisation in agriculture and increasing farm sizes has decreased the number if workers needed in rural areas- Manufacturing declined by over 30% since 1998 in Kent
- Decrease in green spaces as less space is needed and an increase in pollution in rural areas
What are opportunities in Rural areas affecting the environment
Farm shops- Land needed for farming, increase in green space and employment, more variety of crop grown using environmentally friendly methods than monoculture
Rural accommodation- More pressure on natural environment from large numbers of tourists/ visitors, increased water and energy , large caravan parks cause visual pollution
Farm visits (leisure)- Land built on , traffic increases in area, leading to congestion and air pollution through running cars
How is London interdependent on its surroundings with Labour?
- Many people commute into London from the surrounding rural areas to work, e.g. around 40% of people in Sevenoaks District (north west Kent) work in London.
- Students and young protessionals move into London — they often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment facilities, e.g. Camden has lots of pubs, clubs and restaurants.
How is London interdependent on its surroundings with goods?
- London relies on the surrounding rural areas for food — many farmers sell their produce to supermarkets and wholesalers who transport it into the city.
- Many rural people travel into London to do some of their shopping — there is a greater selection of high street and luxury shops, e.g. Harrods.
How is London interdependent on its surroundings with services?
- London has excellent hospitals and private schools as well as specialist services, e.g. Great Ormond Street children’s hospital - people travel from the surrounding rural areas to use them.
- Many Londoners travel into the countryside for leisure activities, e.g. to play golf, walk in country parks, go horse riding etc.
What are the benefits of London’s interdependence with rural areas?
- Some businesses in rural areas (e.g. pubs with restaurants) have seen an increase in business as newer residents have higher disposable incomes.
- Some farmers have made money from selling land or buildings or diversifying their business
• Some existing houses have been improved, e.g. traditional Kentish oast houses have been renovated and turned into houses.
• There is less pressure on housing in London.
What are the costs of London’s interdependence with rural areas?
- Some villages, e.g. Ivy Hatch, may become commuses settlements — where people live in rural areas but work in London. This leaves villages empty during the day, so some shops and services may close because of reduced demand.
• New housing estates have been built on open countryside, e.g. at Dunton Green, which has affected wildlife habitats.
• Lots of commuters drive to Sevenoaks to catch the train into London — the additional traffic increases pollution and congestion and causing parking issues.
