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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecosystem:

A

all the organisms living in a particular area as well as the non-living elements of a particular environment.

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2
Q

community:

A

all of the populations of all the organisms living in a particular habitat at a particular time

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3
Q

population:

A
  • all of the organisms of a particular species living in a particular habitat at a particular time
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4
Q

habitat:

A

the place where an organism lives

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5
Q

biotic:

A

all of the living factors in an environment
- e.g. predators, food availability , parasitism or disease

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6
Q

abiotic factors:

A
  • all of the non-living factors of an environement
  • e.g. light, oxygem, moisture levels and temperature
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7
Q

ecological niche

A

a species’/ organisms role within its habitat/ how an organism exploits its envrionment.

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8
Q

what is the niche concept?

A

only one organism can occupy each niche in a given habitat at a given time- if two or more species have a niche that overlaps, the best adapted will out-compete the others in surviving to reproduce

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9
Q

succession:

A

is the change in species inhabiting an area over time. It is brought about by changes to the environment made by the organisms colonising it themselves.

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10
Q

primary succession:

A

an area previously devoid of life ia first colonised by communities of organism
- e.g. after a volcano eruption the soil must be first established before more complex organisms can grow

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11
Q

secondary succession:

A

a previously occupied area is re-colonised following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community (e.g. after a wildfire)

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12
Q

the area is first colonised by ….. such as

A
  • pioneer species such as lichens
  • which are adapted to survive in harsh conditions.
  • these species can penetrate rock surface and break it down into grains. Similarly, their roots hold together sands with a loose, shifting structure
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13
Q

As organisms die, they are …. by ….. adding ….

A
  • decomposed
  • microorganisms
  • humus (organic component of soil)
  • there are more minerals allowing larger and more varied species to survive
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14
Q

climax community:

A

most productive, self- sustaining and stable community of organisms

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15
Q

light dependent reaction:

A
  • electrons are excited to a higher energy level using the energy trapped bu chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membranes.
  • the chlorophyll is found in complexes calles photosystems.
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16
Q

what wavelgnth does PS1 absorb?

A

700nm

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17
Q

what wavelength does PSII absorb?

A

680nm

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18
Q

light dependent reaction part 2:

A

-electrons are passed down the electron transport chain from one electron carrier to the next through a series of redox reaction- this process generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in a process called phosphorelation
- phosphorelation can be cyclic or non-cyclic.
- the final electron acceptor is NADP.
-both ATP and rNADP from the light dependent reactiolns are used in the light- independent stages of photosynthesis

19
Q

cyclic phosphorelation:

A
  1. photon hits chlorophyll in photosystem 1
  2. electrons are excited
  3. electtrons are taken up my an electron acceptor
  4. electrons passed along an electron transport chain. Energy is released, ATP is synthesised
  5. returns to chlorophyll in PS1
20
Q

non-cyclic phosphorelation:

A
  1. Photon hits chlorophyll in photosystem II
  2. Electrons are excited
  3. electrons are taken up my an electron acceptor, passed along an electron transport chain to PS1. Energy is released, ATP is synthesised.
  4. Photon hits chlorophyll in photosystem I
  5. electrons are excited
  6. Electrons are taken up by an electron acceptor, passed along an electron transport chain to NADP
  7. NADP takes up a H+ ion from dissociated water and forms reduced NADP.
21
Q

Light independent reaction:

A
  • the calvin cycle- final stage of photosynthesis
  • it uses ATP nad rNADP to produce glucose
    1. RuBP (5 carbon compound) is combined with carbon dioxide in a reaction called carbon fixation, catalysed by RUBISCO
    2. the unstable 6 carbon intermediate is immediately split into two molecules of GP
    3. Reduced NADP and ATP are used to reduce two GP molecules into GALP
    4. One in six GALP molecules is used to make glucose
    5. The remaining 5 in six GALP molecules are used to reform RuBP with the help of ATP.
22
Q

What is the glucose produced in the calcin cycle used for?

A
  • converted into essential organic compounds such as polysaccharides, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids.
23
Q

chlorophylls contain stacks of … membranes, called ….

A
  • thylakoid
  • grana which contain the photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, arranged in photosystems.
  • Site of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
24
Q

stroma

A

is the fluid surrounding the grana
-contains enzymes for light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

25
Q

the chloroplast envelope

A

-controls movement of substances into and out of the organelle.

26
Q

starch granules

A

store the products of photosynthesis

27
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

the rate at which energy from the sun is converted into the organic molecules that make up new plant biomass

28
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

the energy transferred to primary consumers

29
Q

equation that links NPP, GPP and R

A

NPP=GPP-R

30
Q

some energy is lost at each trophic level (approximately 90%) . This is due to …

A
  • Undigested matter
  • not eating the whole organism e.g. bones
  • respiration (exothermic, transfers e=thermal energy to the surroundings)
  • metalbolic waste products like urea.
31
Q

efficiency of biomass and energy transfers between trophic levels:

A

amount from higher trophic level/ amount from lower trophic level x 100
(smaller/ bigger x 100)

32
Q

global warming definition:

A

gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and surface

33
Q

evidence for global warming

A
  1. records of carbon dioxide levels- increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are believed to contribute towards climate change as carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and is involved in the greenhouse effect.
  2. temperature records
  3. pollen in peat bogs- pollen grains are preserved in peat bogs and analysis of samples of pollen can give us an idea of what kind of plants were present at the time when peat was being formed. - anarobic and acidic (CO2) conditions prevents decomposition
  4. dendrochronology- size of tree rings affected by temp (smaller= lower temp)
34
Q

the greenhouse affect:

A
  1. short wavelength infra-red radiation passes through Earth’s atmosphere and is reflected from Earth’s
  2. longer IR waves are reflected/ re-emitted from Earth’s surface
  3. Greenhouse gases absorb IR and re-radiate it leading to an increase in Earth’s surface temperature and atmospheric temp.
35
Q

data can be …. to make predictions which can be used as models of future climate change.

A

extrapolated

36
Q

limitations of data extrapolation:

A

human efforts for the reduction of emisssion of greenhouse gases.

37
Q

effects of climate change. The change in rainfall patterns and changes in seasonal cycles lead to ….

A
  • change in distribution of species (e.g. migration to cooler areas)- this could lead to extinction of some species due to competition
  • changes to development- sex of many reptiles is determined by temperature therefore an increase in temperature would have an affect on the sex ratio of certain species potentially leading to extinction
  • disrupted life cycles
38
Q

An increase in temperature will also affect enzyme activity:

A
  • initially, as temp increases, the rate of reaction also increases. The rate of formation of enzyme-substrate complexes increases as the kinetic energy of molecules incrfeases, thus leading to more frequent collisions.
  • however, the rate of reaction decreases above optimum temp as the enzymes become denatures
39
Q

what happens when an enzyme denatures?

A

active site changes shape as hydrogen bonds begin to break- substrate is no longer complementary to the substrate, therefore fewer enzyme- substrate complexes are formed.

40
Q

one of the ways to reduce global warming is the reduction of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This can be done through…

A
  • growing plants to use as biofuels which are carbon neutral- carbon dioxide released by burning the fuel is removed from the atmosphere by the plant
  • reforestation, to increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by plants which need it for photosynthesis.
41
Q

ideas surrounding climate change are reviewed and validated via …

A

scientific conferences and publications in peer-reviews scientific journals.

42
Q

evolution:

A

is the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs as a result of the change of allele frequency which in turn is affected by changing selection pressures.

43
Q

evolution process via natural selection:

A
  • a variety of phenotypes exist within a population due to random mutation.
  • an environmental change occurs and as a result, the selection pressure changes
  • some individuals possess advantageous alleles which give them a selection advantage and allow them to survive and reproduce.
  • the advantageous alleles are passed on to their offspring
  • over time, the frequency of alleles in a population changes

Biology (9 decks)

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