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Physics Paper 2 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Upthrust

A

Resultant force upwards when greater pressure at bottom of object compared to top when submerged in a fluid

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2
Q

Typical walking speed

A

1.5 m/s

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3
Q

Typical running speed

A

3 m/s

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4
Q

Typical cycling speed

A

6 m/s

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5
Q

Typical speed of sound in air

A

330 m/s

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6
Q

Newton’s first law

A

If resultant force on object is zero:

1) It’s stationary
2) It is moving at the same velocity

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7
Q

Inertia

A

Tendency for an object to continue state of rest or moving at the same speed (uniform motion)

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8
Q

Newton’s second law

A

Acceleration of object proportional to force acting on object and inversely proportional to mass of object

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9
Q

Newton’s third law

A

When two objects interact, forces they exert on eachother are equal and opposite

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10
Q

Typical range of human reaction time

A

0.2 s to 0.9s

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11
Q

Example contact forces

A

Friction, air resistance, tension, normal contact force

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12
Q

Non contact examples

A

Gravitational force
Electrostatic
Magnetic

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13
Q

Force vector or scaler

A

Vector

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14
Q

Centre of mass definition

A

The point where you assume all the mass is concentrated

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15
Q

Force definition

A

A push or pull on object caused by interaction

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16
Q

How weight is measured

A

Calibrated spring balance like Newton metre

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17
Q

Forces and doing work

A

Forces do work to move an object which transfers energy through stores. So force does work when force causes a displacement
Eg pushing something across carpet does work against frictional forces and energy is transferred usefully and dissipated

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18
Q

Joules and newton metres

A

1 J is equal to 1 Nm

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19
Q

Spring constant

A

Dependent on material: stiffer is greater constant

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20
Q

Why you need more than one force to change shape of object

A

Otherwise the object would just move in the direction of the applied force

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21
Q

Work done and elastic potential

A

If the spring isn’t inelastically deformed, the work done on spring is equal to the elastic potential energy stored

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22
Q

What creates atmospheric pressure

A

Air molecules colliding with a surface

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23
Q

4 things that affect speed

A

Fitness
Age
Terrain
Distance travelled

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24
Q

What wind speed is affected by

A

Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
If there are large structures nesrby

25
Q

Uniform acceleration

A

Constant acceleration: increasing speed at a constant rate

26
Q

When acceleration is uniform

A

For objects falling: same as gravity (9.8m/s squared) near the earth surface

27
Q

Drag

A

Resistance in a fluid like air resistance

28
Q

Terminal velocity

A

When the force of gravity on a falling object equals the drag force and it falls at a steady speed (no resultant force)
Friction builds up and reduces acceleration until the resultant force is 0

29
Q

Intertial mass

A

Measure of how difficult it is for change of velocity in an object
Defined as the ratio of force over acceleration

30
Q

What driver reaction times affected by

A

Tiredness
Drugs
Alcohol
Distraction

31
Q

Momentum symbol

A

kg m/s

32
Q

How to work out change in momentum

A

F=ma and a=v-u/t

F= m X change in velocity/ change in time

MX change in velocity is the rate of change of momentum

33
Q

Typical speed of car

A

25 m/s

34
Q

Typical speed of train

A

55 m/s

35
Q

Typical speed of plane

A

250 m/s

36
Q

Braking distance at 30mph

A

14m

37
Q

Braking distance at 60mph

A

55m

38
Q

Braking distance at 70mph

A

75m

39
Q

Momentum and forces

A

A greater force means a greater rate of change of momentum

40
Q

Weight

A

Force acting on an object due to gravity

41
Q

Upthrust is equal to

A

Weight of fluid displaced by object

42
Q

If object weight is more than upthrus

A

Object sinks

43
Q

Atmosphere

A

Thin layer of air round earth

44
Q

Displacement

A

Distance and direction in straight line from objects starting and finishing point
Vector quantity

45
Q

What to do if your answer is approximate value

A

~

46
Q

Stopping distance

A

Thinking distance + Braking distance

47
Q

3 factors that affect braking distance

A

Adverse road conditions
Weather conditions
Poor quality of vehicle- brakes or tyres

48
Q

When force applied to brakes

A

Work done by friction force between brakes and wheel reduces kinetic energy and temperature of brakes increases

49
Q

Equipment for measuring speed of sound wave

A

Signal generator and oscilloscope

50
Q

Equipment for speed of water ripples

A

Signal generator

Ripple tank

51
Q

Pressure of fluid forces

A

Force exerted normal to any surface in contact with fluid

52
Q

Terminal velocity step by step

A

When object starts falling force of gravity much more than frictional forces
Object accelerates
As speed increases friction builds up
Gradually reduces acceleration until resultant force is 0
Terminal velocity reached

53
Q

Emergency stop

A

Maximum force applied to brakes

54
Q

Icy roads

A

Less grip so less friction

Leads to skidding

55
Q

Bad brakes

A

Can’t apply so much force

56
Q

Why faster vehicles need greater braking force

A

More energy in kinetic stores
More work needs to be done to stop it
Greater force needed to stop it within a certain distance

57
Q

Why braking distance increases faster as you speed up

A

Work done to stop car equal to energy in kinetic stores (0.5mv2)
As speed doubles kinetic energy increases four fold ( 2 squared) so work done increases four fold

58
Q

Upthrust and weight

A

Upthrust has to equal weight for an object to float
If an object less dense, it weighs less than the fluid so it can displace a volume of water equal to its weight and float as the Upthrust is equal to weight

Physics Paper 2 (4 decks)

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