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Biology Edexcel A Alevel > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

the interaction between living organisms and the environment in a given area.

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2
Q

Community

A

the interaction of different species in the same area

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3
Q

Population

A

members of the same species that occupy the same area

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4
Q

Habitat

A

Place where an organism lives

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5
Q

What 5 biotic factors effect the numbers and distribution of organisms

A 
competition for resources, 
grazing, 
predation, 
disease and parasitism 
mutualism
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6
Q

Name 5 abiotic factors that effect the numbers and distribution of organisms

A 
Solar energy input, 
climate, 
oxygen concentration, 
pollution 
catastrophe.
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7
Q

When are 2 species able to share the same habitat

A

Only if they occupy different niches

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8
Q

What happens if 2 species live in the same habitat and have exactly the same ecological niche

A

They will compete until the better adapted of the two outcompetes the other and excludes it from the habitat.

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9
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

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10
Q

What are the first organism to colonise bore surfaces

A

lichen

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11
Q

What is primary succession?

A

when there has never been a community before

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12
Q

What happens in colonisation

A

pioneer species colonise as they are the only organisms that can cope with extreme temperatures, lack of soil, water and nutrients.

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13
Q

What do pioneer species do?

A

they start to break up the rock surface which allows organic matter to accumulate, allowing a new species to join

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14
Q

what might cause the climax community to change

A

unless the conditions in the habitat changes the climax community is stable

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15
Q

what is a dominant species of a community?

A

the one that exerts an overriding influence over the rest of the plants etc. sometimes there is more than one and they are often the most abundant species.

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16
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

on bare soil where an existing community has been cleared eg ploughed field or a forest fire

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17
Q

what is often a feature of pioneer species?

A

seeds widely dispersed by wind, rapid growth, short life cycle and abundant seed production.

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18
Q

What is deflected succession?

A

when human activity causes a community to remain stable because it prevents succession from running its course

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19
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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20
Q

what is the overall aim of photosynthesis

A

to split apart the strong bonds in water molecules, storing the hydrogen in a fuel (glucose) by combining it with carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.

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21
Q

How is energy stored in ATP

A

ADP + Phosphate ion join together forming ATP in water. To make ATP the phosphate ion must be separated from the water molecule which requires energy.

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22
Q

What is it called when ADP and phosphate join together?

A

Phosphorylation

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23
Q

What is it called when ADP and phosphate break apart?

A

Hydrolysis

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24
Q

How is energy released from ATP in water?

A

The 3rd phosphate ion becomes hydrated forming bonds with the surrounding water molecules. In which lots of energy is released.

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25
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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26
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction take place?

A

Thylakoid membranes

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27
Q

Explain the stages of the light dependant reaction

A

NAME?

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28
Q

What is used in the light independent reactions

A

carbon dioxide

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29
Q

What happens in the Calvin cycle

A

-CO2 combines with 5C compound RuBP and is catalysed by Rubisco -The 6C compound formed is unstable so breaks down into 2 GP molecules -GP is reduced using the hydrogen from reduced NADP and energy stored in ATP into GALP -2/12 GALPs formed create a 6C su

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30
Q

What are the products of the light independent reaction used for?

A

They are used by plants and animals in respiration and in the synthesis of new biological molecules eg polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids.

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31
Q

What is the role of the outer membrane in a chloroplast?

A

permeable to CO2 and H2O

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32
Q

What is the role of the inner membrane in a chloroplast?

A

Regulate the passage of substances

33
Q

What is the role of the stroma in a chloroplast?

A

light independent reaction occurs here

34
Q

What is the role of a starch grain in a chloroplast?

A

stores the products of photosynthesis

35
Q

What is the role of dna loop in a chloroplast?

A

contains genes for some of their proteins

36
Q

What is the role of a granum in a chloroplast?

A

contains a stack of thylakoids

37
Q

What is the role of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophyll and electron carriers and is involved in light dependant reactions

38
Q

What is the role of thylakoid space in a chloroplast?

A

contains enzymes for photolysis

39
Q

How do you calculate net primary productivity

A

NPP = GPP - Plant Respiration

40
Q

What is gross primary productivity?

A

The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules by an ecosystem

41
Q

What is net primary productivity?

A

The rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up new plant biomass

42
Q

What are 4 ways we can recognise that climate change is real?

A

CO2 levels, temperature records, pollen in peat bogs and dendrochronology

43
Q

why do peat bogs highlight a changing climate?

A

peat is the accumulation of partially decayed organic matter. Pollen can be used to reconstruct the past climates.

44
Q

Why is pollen useful

A

each plant has a distinctive type of pollen and pollen has a tough outer layer and are produced in vast amounts

45
Q

How can our knowledge of dendrochronology tell us about past climates?

A

If a ring in a tree was bigger then the conditions for the tree were likely better

46
Q

which is the most potent greenhouse gas

A

methane

47
Q

How long does methane stay in the atmosphere?

A

it only stays in the atmosphere for 12 years before it reacts with oxygen to form CO2 and water

48
Q

Why is methane harmful?

A

it absorbs more infrared radiation than a molecule f CO2 does

49
Q

Why is it though that increased CO2 levels cause global warming?

A

There is a strong correlation between temperature and carbon dioxide concentration

50
Q

How are global trends predicted?

A

Extrapolation- extending the line

51
Q

What assumptions are made when we extrapolate

A

we have enough data to establish the trend accurately and that present trends continue

52
Q

why might these models have limitations

A

Limited data, limited knowledge, changing trends, limitations of computers and failure to include all factors

53
Q

What are the possible effects of climate change?

A

changing rainfall patterns and changing seasonal cycles

54
Q

What impact of the effects of climate change might it have on plants and animals

A

distribution of species, altered development and life cycles

55
Q

How might climate change impact the distribution of species?

A

Some species may benefit from the change in climate and become dominant while others may be lost due to competition.

56
Q

How might climate change impact the development of plants?

A

For plants photosynthesis may initially be faster but eventually enzymes will no longer be at optimum and start to denature.

57
Q

How might climate change impact the development and life cycle of animals

A

If environmental cues trigger their behaviour or development. Spawning and hatching and growth rates are most likely to be effected.

58
Q

Why do reactions occur in enzymes slowly at low temperatures?

A

Enzymes and substrate have low kinetic energy so move slowly and do not collide often

59
Q

What is it called where the rate of reaction is highest?

A

Optimum temperature

60
Q

What happens once the temperature becomes too high?

A

The shape of its active site is lost and the enzyme substrate complex no longer forms as it is denatured.

61
Q

What is the impact on plants if enzymes denature

A

Higher temp and lower soil moisture as the enzymes denature

62
Q

How does evolution occur

A

Through gene mutation and natural selection

63
Q

WHat is evolution

A

change in allele frequency over time

64
Q

How is new evidence analysed by the science community?

A

Scientific journals, peer review process and scientific conferences.

65
Q

What is proteomics

A

Study of proteins

66
Q

What is genomics

A

the study of genomes (DNA)

67
Q

What are the 4 methods proteomics and genomics?

A

DNA Hybridisation, DNA profiling, DNA and protein sequencing and DNA molecular clocks

68
Q

What is crucial to speciation?

A

Reproductive isolation (some kind of isolating mechanism) that prevents successful interbreeding and prevents gene flow

69
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

geographic isolation which results in speciation

70
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier

71
Q

What can influence conclusions about controversial issues?

A

They can be impacted by who is reaching those conclusions

72
Q

How does photosynthesis impact the carbon cycle?

A

The reduction of CO2 into organic substance and the release of oxygen as a waste product

73
Q

How does biomass impact the carbon cycle?

A

Plant material accounts for the majority of photosynthesis in the world

74
Q

How does respiration impact the carbon cycle?

A

The oxidation of organic substance into simpler inorganic compounds such as COs and water

75
Q

How does death and decay impact the carbon cycle?

A

CO2 is released during the breakdown by microbes

76
Q

What are the 2 factors likely responsible for the carbon cycle not being in balance?

A

combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation

77
Q

What 2 factors can we do to help maintain the balance?

A

Sustainable resources including biofuels and reforestation

78
Q

How does using sustainable resources help manage the conflict between human needs and conservation?

A

They are renewable and carbon dioxide neutral

79
Q

How does reforestation help manage the conflict between human needs and conservation?

A

Newly planted trees are rapidly growing and photosynthesising with little respiration so they are net absorbers.

Biology Edexcel A Alevel (15 decks)

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