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SEHS > Topic 4.1: Neuromuscular Function > Flashcards

Topic 4.1: Neuromuscular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Association Neurons

A

Neurons moving between sensory and motor neurons

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2
Q

(Sensory) Afferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensory information towards to CNS

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3
Q

(Motor) Efferent Neurons

A

The motoneurons that carry information to the muscles, after from the CNS

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4
Q

(Inter) Motor unit

A

A single motoneuron and the muscle fibers which it innervates

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5
Q

Action Potential

A

Chemical signal sent through the nervous system to muscles in the body

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives and conveys information to cell bodies

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7
Q

Cell Body

A

processes and integrates information

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Within the cell body

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9
Q

Axon

A

Carries information from one part of the body to another

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10
Q

Motor End Plate

A

Where the axon terminals are placed over the muscle fibers

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11
Q

Synapse

A

The neuromuscular junction between the end plate and axon terminal

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12
Q

Soma

A

AKA cell body

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13
Q

Axon terminal/Synaptic bouton

A

The end of the axon

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14
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of naxons

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15
Q

Muscle Fibre

A

Composed of numerous myofibrils

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16
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the synaptic terminal and motor end plate come together

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17
Q

Synaptic clef

A

The synapse or space between the axon terminal and motor end plate

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The most abundant neurotransmitter that is released by the neuron to send a message from the brain to the muscle

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19
Q

Acetycholine receptors

A

Ligand-gated cation channels retracting acetylcholine

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20
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Clusters of acetylcholine in the axon terminal

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21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The outer membrane of the muscle fiber

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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves not part of the CNS

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical that is released by a neuron that sends a signal to another neuron across a synapse

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

When acetylcholine simply drift away (disappear) in the synaptic clef

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25
Central Nervous System
Coordinates both conscious and unconscious activity through nerve signals sent through the brain and spinal cord
26
Reuptake
When acetylcholine in the synaptic clef are taken back up into the axon terminal
27
Enzymes
Cholinesterase
28
[Acetyl]Cholinesterase
Things that breaks down the acetylcholine into acetate and choline
29
Neuron
Nerve cells that transmit neurotransmitters
30
Sliding Filament Theory
A theory on the ways muscles contract
31
Synaptic transmission
The process of one neuron communicating to another
32
Choline
Component of acetylcholine that was broken down by cholinesterase that can be reuptaken into neurons to create more acetylcholine
33
Depolorisation
When a cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive)
34
Power Stroke
When the myosin head loses ADP & Pi causing it to move the actin
35
Cross bridge
When myosin heads attach to the actin
36
Recovery stroke
When the myosin detaches from the actin
37
Detachment
When the myosin detaches from actin and is met with ATP and goes into a resting state
38
Potassium Ions
Goes out of the muscle fiber during muscle contraction
39
Sodium Ions
Goes in the muscle fiber during muscle contraction
40
Calcium Ions
Released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum once the motor end plate has been depolorised by the output of potassium and input of sodium
41
Acetate
Component of acetylcholine
42
Muscle Contraction
Shortening of the muscle
43
Myofibril
Cylindrical rods within the muscle fiber consisting of actin and myosin
44
Chemical Message
Action potential
45
Resting State
Detachment state of the sliding filament theory
46
Actin
A thin contractile protein filament within sarcomeres
47
Myosin
A thick contractile protein filament within sarcomeres
48
Sarcomere
Section of the myofibril separated by Z - lines
49
Myofilament
Individual filaments (actin & myosin) that make up the myofibril
50
H-Zone
Space in the middle of the sarcomere when relaxed where no actin in present
51
A-Band
The length of the sarcomere when contracted (only the length of the myosin when stretched)
52
Z-Line
The boundaries and junction point of sarcomeres
53
Tropomyosin
Rod that goes around the actin covering it's binding points when in resting state
54
Troponi
A complex of 3 proteins attached to tropomyosin that can move it when joined with calcium
55
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Saclike membrane outside the myofibril that can release calcium when stimulated
56
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy that binds to myosin heads to detach it from actin
57
ADP
Component of ATP
58
Hydrolysis
When ATP breaks down in ADP & phosphate (Pi)
59
Phosphate (Pi)
Component of ATP
60
Sarcoplasm
Fluid between myofibrils
61
Type 1 Muscle FIbres
Slow twitch fibres that are red due to large volumes of myoglobin & oxygen & mitochondria
62
Type 2a Muscle Fibres
Fast oxidative fibres that are a hybrid between Type 1 and Type 2b muscle fibres
63
Type 2b Muscle Fibres
Fast twitch/glycolytic fibres that are white due to to little myoglobin and mitochondria
64
Myoglobin
Transports oxygen
65
Mitochondria
Produces and provides energy
66
ATP
Involved in the process of producing mitochondria/energy
67
Resistant fatigue
Capable of low-level contractions by producing large amounts of ATP
68
Postural muscles
neck, spine etc...
69
Aerobic metabolic
The creation of energy through the combustion of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats in the presence of oxygen
70
Anaerobic metabolism
The creation of energy through the combustion of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
71
Rapid fatigue
Characteristic of fast twitch muscles that quickly get tired
72
Glycolytosis
(fast twitch) A process by which glucose is broken down anaerobically into incompletely oxidized compounds
73
Conduction Velocity
The speed of conduction of an electrical impulse through a nerve
74
Triglyceride
A type of fat (lipid) found in your blood

SEHS (4 decks)

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