Topic 4 - Waves Flashcards
What are waves?
Waves are one way in which energy may be transferred between stores. Both mechanical and electromagnetic waves will transfer energy but not matter.
What is frequency?
The number of waves passing a point each second.
What is the wave length?
The distance covered by a full cycle of the wave. Usually measured from peak to peak, or trough to trough.
What is the rest position?
The undisturbed position of particles or fields when they are not vibrating.
What is the Displacement?
The distance that a certain point in the medium has moved from its rest position.
What is the Peak?
The number of waves passing a point each second. The highest point above the rest position.
What is the Trough?
The lowest point below the rest position.
What is the Amplitude?
The maximum displacement of a point of a wave from its rest position.
What is the time period?
The time taken for a full cycle of the wave. Usually measured from peak to peak, or trough to trough
What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?
In longitudinal waves, the vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave travel. In tranverse waves, the vibrations are at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
List examples of longitudinal. (3)
- sound waves
- ultrasound waves
- seismic P-waves
List examples of transverse waves. (5)
- ripples on the surface of water
- vibrations in a guitar string
- a Mexican wave in a sports stadium
- electromagnetic waves – eg light waves, microwaves, radio waves
- seismic S-waves
How do you work out wave speed?(2)
Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
Or
Wave speed = distance (m) / time (s)
How do you measure the velocity of sound in air? (4)
1)Set up the oscilloscope so the detected waves each microphone are shown as separate waves.
2) Start with both microphones next to the speaker, then slowly move one away until the two waves are aligned on the display, but have moved exactly one wavelength apart.
3) Measure the distance between the microphones to find one
wavelength.
4) Use the formula wave speed = frequency (look on signal generator) x wavelength
How do you measure the speed of water ripples? (5)
1) Using a signal generator attached to the dipper of a ripple tank you can create water waves at a set frequency.
2) Dim the lights and turn on the strobe light - yoju’ll see wave pattern made by the shadows of the wave crests on the screen below the tank.
3) Alter the frequency of the strobe light until the wave pattern on the screen appears to ‘freeze’ and stop moving. This happens when the frequency of the waves and the strobe light are equal - the waves appear not to move because they are being lit at the same point in their cycle each time.
4) The distance between each shadow line is equal to one wavelength. Measure the distance between lines that are 10 wavelengths apart, then find the average wavelength
5) Use wave speed = frequency x wavelength to calculate the speed of the waves.
What is reflection?
This is when the incoming ray is neither absorbed or transmitted, but instead is sent back away from the second material.
How are waves refracted at the boundary in terms of change of direction and speed?
When a wave crosses a boundary between materials, it changes speed. If the wave hits the boundary at an angle, the change of speed will cause a change in direction - refraction. If the wave hits the boundary along the normal, it will change speed but will not change direction.
How do sound waves travel through solid?
They cause particles in the solid to vibrate. These vibrations are passed through the surrounding medium as a series of compressions (waves squashed together) and rarefactions (spaces between wave).
How does the human ear work? (6)
Sound waves that reach your eardrum cause it to vibrate. These vibrations are passed on to tiny bones in your ear called ossicles, through the semicircular canals and to the cochlea which get sent to your brain and volumes, depending on their frequency and intensity. The coohlea turns these vibrations into electrical signals. The brain interprets the signals as sounds of different pitches
What is ultrasound?
Sound with frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz
What is infrasound?
Sound with frequencies less than 20 Hz
Uses of ultrasound (3)
- Medical imaging (foetal scanning)
- Industrial image (finding flaws in materials)
- Sonar for boats and submarines
Uses of infrasound
- Track volcanic eruptions
- Communication between elephants and whales
What are the two main seismic waves?
P-waves and S-waves
Properties of P-waves (4)
- Longitudinal
- Can travel through solids and liquids
- Travel faster than S-waves
- Can travel through the Earth’s core
Properties of S-waves (4)
- Transverse
- Can only travel through solids
- Slower than P-waves
- Can’t pass through liquid outer core
What affects the way different substance reflect, absorb, transmit or refract?
Different substances reflect, refract, transmit or absorb waves in ways that vary with wavelength.
An investigation to determine the suitability of apparatus to measure the speed, frequency and wavelength of waves in a fluid. (4)
1) Set up a ripple, motor, a plane wave generator and a stroboscope.
2) Calculate the frequency of the waves by counting the number of waves that pass a point each second. Do this for a minute and then divide by 60 to get a more accurate value for the frequency of the water waves.
3) Use a stroboscope to ‘freeze’ the waves and find their s marked with wavelength by using a ruler. The ruler can be left in the tank or the waves can be projected onto a piece of A3 paper under the tank and the wave positions marked with pencil marks on the paper.
4) Calculate the wave speed.
What is absorption?
This is when the wave transfers energy to the second material’s energy stores. Often, the energy is transferred to a thermal energy store leading to heating.
What is transmission?
This is when the waves carries on travelling through the new material which often leads to refraction, this can be used on communication as well as in lenses of glasses and camera.
What is refraction?
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave at a interface (boundary) between two materials. All wave types can be refracted.
