Topic 4-Uks Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

Question

What are faults

Answer 1

Larger cracks caused by past tectonic movements

Answer 2

Headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast. • The less resistant rock (e.g. clay) is eroded guickly and this forms a bay — bays have a gentle slope. • The resistant rock (e.g. chalk) is eroded more slowly and it's left jutting out, forming a headland — headlands have steep sides.

Answer 3

Arch: * Large crack, opened up by hydraulic action * Cave becomes larger through further erosion * Cave breaks through the headland forming a natural arch

Answer 4

Stack: * The arch erodes and collapses, * This leaves a tall rock stack- an isolated rock that's separate from the headland

Answer 5

Stump: The stack is eroded, forming a stump

Answer 6

Wave power is concentrated at the cliff base where abrasion forms a wave-cut notch. • As the notch grows, a cliff overhang develops. • The overhang becomes unstable and eventually collapses, forming a pile of rock debris. The debris protects the cliff base from further erosion. • Over time, the rock debris is eroded by attrition, exposing the cliff to erosion again. • Over thousands of years, a succession of wave-cut notches form, and the cliff collapses again and again, retreating inland. • A level area of smooth rock is left where the cliff line once was, stretching out to sea, called a wave-cut platform.

Answer 7

Deposition is when material being carried by the seawater is dropped on the coast. It occurs when water carrying sediment slows down so that it isn't moving fast enough to carry so much sediment

Answer 8

Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind. • They usually hit the coast at an oblique angle (any angle that isn't a right angle) • The swash carries material up the beach, in the same direction as the waves. • The backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles, back towards the sea. • Over time, material zigzags along the coast.

Answer 9

Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline, e.g. at a river mouth. • Longshore drift transports sand and shingle Material past the bend and deposits it in the sea. • Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit (forming a recurved end). • The sheltered area behind the spit is protected from waves — lots of material accumulates in this area, which means plants can grow there. • Over time, the sheltered area can become a mud flat or a salt marsh.

Answer 10

A bar is formed when a spit joins two headlands together. • The bar cuts off the bay between the headlands from the sea. • This means a lagoon can form behind the bar.

Answer 11

Soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along

Answer 12

Small particles like salt and clay are carried along by the water

Answer 13

Pebble-sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 14

Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 15

alternating bands of hard and soft rock that are at right angles to the coast

Answer 16

the alternating bands of hard and soft rock (strata) are parallel to the coast

Answer 17

Long headlands, bays harder sandstones as headlands. Softer limestone

Answer 18

Coves, steep cliffs, a gap through the limestone, exposing less resistant sands and clays behind, Stair Hole

Answer 19

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run parallel to the coast.

Answer 20

The weak acid in rainwater will dissolve chemical compounds in the rock.

Answer 21

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run perpendicular to the coast

Answer 22

An area of land that is at a high elevation and tends to have a larger relief

Answer 23

A form of hard-engineering. Low-lying concrete or wooden walls, constructed perpendicular to the seafront and run out to sea. They encourage the trapping of sediment to reduce erosion caused by longshore drift or by winds.

Answer 24

An area of land that has a small relief so tends to be flat and at a low elevation

Answer 25

The coastal zone is a constantly evolving landscape, wherever the land meets the sea. Coasts are valuable physical environments since they provide resources such as oil and fish, homes for humans and habitats for species as well as being a tourist attraction

Answer 26

For a cove to form,hard and soft rock must alternate. The hard rock cliff may suddenly crack as erosion weakens a section of the cliffs. Over time,the hard- resistance rock erodes to expose the less resistant rock behind. The less resustant rock erodes much quicker then the hard rock so the cove widens more in the soft rock band. Erosion continues to widen the cove but cannot extend further inland due to another band of hard rock which forms steep cliffs.Finally waves diffract as they pass through coves opening

Answer 27

typically have rocky headlands and landforms, such as tall cliffs and caves. Destructive waves tend to have a long fetch and so are the most powerful waves. These coastlines tend to erode away and retreat.

Answer 28

tend to be sandy beaches, since the waves are less powerful and deposit material (sand, pebbles, etc) rather than taking it away from the beach.

Answer 29

Angle of the slope/cliff The rock type The saturation

Answer 30

Occur on sloped cliffs (over 40° to the beach floor) when the rock becomes exposed to mechanical weathering (often freeze thaw).

Answer 31

Water between sheets of rock (called bedding planes) and the rock face reduces friction and allows large chunks of rock to slide down the cliff.

Answer 32

Saturated (waterlogged) soil flows down the face of a hill like a fluid, bulging at the bottom in a lobe.

Answer 33

Also known as slumps, soil and rock fragments become saturated with water. However, instead of sprawling down the hill like a mudflow, chunks of rock and soil slip, creating stepped 'heads' down the cliff face.

Answer 34

Coastal towns and villages are popular to live in, due to the natural beauty and 'quieter' lifestyle compared to a busy city. However, as the demand for coastal housing increases, house prices increase and new housing estates develop. The quiet town will sprawl and increase in size, losing its quiet charm.

Answer 35

Coastlines are a tourist attraction, with many people travelling to stay on the shores for their holidays, visit the beaches or promenades or to do water sports and sea activities (boating, scuba diving/snorkelling, surfing, etc). This brings both benefits and problems to coastal towns; many locals rely on tourism for income and employment, but tourists can overcrowd these towns with traffic and pollution.

Answer 36

Some businesses are relocating their offices to the coast, to avoid the high rent prices in the city centre. This brings regular income for the locals, but new building developments can destroy the natural environment and increase the number of people living and commuting to a coastal town.

Answer 37

As the price of land at the coast rises, farmers have to increase their profits with what land they have. This adds pressure to the land, since farmers will more intensively farm to make more profit. This means they don't let the land rest between crop harvests (called a fallow) or they rear too much cattle, which tramples the ground and removes much vegetation

Answer 38

There are many major industrial plants found along the coast, as some industry requires a large volume of water during an industrial process. Industry such as oil refineries and power stations can be found close to the sea. These sites are of high economic value and so must be protected from risks at the coast.

Answer 39

The geology of the cliffs - Soft rocks will erode quicker than hard rocks. For example, chalk erodes more quickly than granite. Increased weathering on the top of the cliff - More vegetation growing, walkers trampling the rocks or increased cold weather can all weaken the rock face from the top, increasing its risk of collapse. The type of waves hitting the cliff face - Destructive waves will increase erosion more than constructive waves. In addition, waves that have travelled further from where they originated from (they have a long fetch) tend to be more powerful, and so erode the cliffs more.

Answer 40

uses man-made, artificial structures to reduce or halt erosion. They are often very effective at preventing erosion in the desired area, but are high cost and have a significant environmental impact due to the use of concrete and other man-made materials.

Answer 41

uses more natural materials to reduce erosion, in a more environmentally friendly way. Unlike hard engineering, soft engineering aims to complement the physical environment by using natural methods of coastal defence. They are useful for protecting against sea-level change as well as coastal erosion.

Answer 42

is to allow erosion rates to carry on unchanged, but instead monitor the rates and try to adapt in the future. This is becoming more popular since the cost of hard and soft engineering is too much for local councils. However, individual cases can often be ignored to save money: for example, a few houses may be lost in managed retreat instead of using engineering to save them.

Answer 43

Value of land for economy,cultural and social value,environmental value.

Answer 44

Marram grass planted. The roots help bind the dunes, protecting land behind. Fences can be put in place to catch the wind too. Soft engineering

Answer 45

✅Cost effective and creates an important wildlife habitat. Relatively cheap and minimum impact on the natural environment ❌Planting is time consuming Can easily be damaged in a storm

Answer 46

Sand is added to the beach to replace the material lost through erosion and transportation. Soft engineering

Answer 47

✅Maintains the beach, which is a major tourist attraction This blends in with the rest of the beach, so isn't unattractive ❌Large quantities of sand needed on a regular basis

Answer 48

✅Builds up beach, protecting cliff and increasing tourist potential Cost effective ❌Visually unappealling Deprives areas downwind of sediment increasing erosion elsewhere

Answer 49

Concrete structures that absorb and reflect wave energy, with curved surface

Answer 50

✅Effective erosion prevention Promenade has tourism benefits ❌Visually unappealling Expensive to construct and maintain Wave energy reflected elsewhere, with impacts on erosion rates

Answer 51

Large rocks that reduce wave energy, but allow water to flow through

Answer 52

✅Cost effective ❌Rocks are sourced from elsewhere, so do not fit with local geology Pose a hazard if climbed upon

Answer 53

Wooden or concrete ramps that helps absorb wave energy

Answer 54

✅Cost effective ❌Visually unappealling Can need constant maintenance, which creates an additional cost

Answer 55

Igneous,Sedimentry,metamorphic

Answer 56

Chalk,sandstone,limestone,conglomerate

Answer 57

Slate,marble

Answer 58

Where humans have settled, historically there has been change in the landscape surrounding them. For example, the land surrounding a village may be cleared and rotivated for farmland, clearing it of any vegetation and some rocks. Alternatively, rock quarries may carve into the highlands and could reduce the relief of the land. Often, landslides have been cleared and used to build rock walls and houses. Finally, land is cleared and sometimes flattened for houses, to create the ideal environment to live in.

Answer 59

Some regions have become more vegetated by trees and plants (known as afforestation), after humans have planted them. The Forestry Commision and the Woodland Trust are UK charities that protect and increase the forests in the UK. This has resulted in relatively new forests being created, such as the Hertfordshire Project.

Answer 60

A process by which glaciers form and spread

Answer 61

Any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land

Answer 62

-Freezethaw Plucking Abrasion

Answer 63

the water from a glacier seeps into cracks in the rock below, freezes and expands, pushing the rock out and then thawing

Answer 64

loose rocks are frozen into the glacier and pulled along

Answer 65

- weathering - erosion - Post-glacial river processes - slope processes

Answer 66

North west of england ,cumbria

Answer 67

The Downs and the Weald are lowland landscapes. They are chalk escarpments that lie either side of a large, flat area of clay. The valley is flat (with some small hills). Glacial melt water eroded large amounts of sedimentary rock leaving this distinctive lowland landscape in South East England.

Answer 68

During glacial periods (when the climate was colder) the gaps in the chalk froze making it impermeable. When seasonal snow melt occurred, it couldn’t infiltrate into the chalk and instead ran over the top and eroded the valleys. Now (it is warmer and the ground has melted) the water runs underground through the chalk and the rivers can’t be seen.

Answer 69

Soils such as sandstone and clay can absorb large amounts of moisture and become saturated – they can move down the slope

Answer 70

the stone walls to keep them penned in which act as linear lines on the landscape As a source of income from sheep farming and grazing. As such the sheep have grazed all the vegetation and prevent shrubs and trees from growing. As a result, the Lake District will never be forested (as it once was) due to the presence of sheep and the tradition of sheep farming

Answer 71

Large volcanoes erupted in Lake District caused mountain building and the formation of high altitude areas of the upland.

Answer 72

U shape valleys due to erosion from glaciers, forming steep landscape High peaks due to tectonic activity Rocky elements of mountains due to weathering processes such as freeze Thor, causing instability of rocks on mountains

Answer 73

V shape valleys Rolling/undulating hills More vegetation Shallow in height compared to Upland

Answer 74

free store weathering caused the instability of rocks on mountain sides Water gets into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually causing the erosion of rocks

Answer 75

Biological weathering-rocks are broken down by borrowing roots and plants as well as animals Chemical: rocks are broken down and eroded by acidic rain as they reach with materials within the rock dissolving the

Answer 76

Screen fragments are unstable and move easily during Rockfall Landslides are common due to the saturation of steep land and the additional weight of rain to weather processes and due to increased precipitation

Answer 77

Soil creep-soil is such as sandstone can absorb large amounts of moisture, becoming saturated after increased precipitation. Soil tends to move down slope, forming wave like pattern/structure.

Answer 78

Now the rivers in the Upland areas are fed by rainwater so the rivers are very small relative to their valleys. We call these misfit streams.

Answer 79

When rivers flood, the overflowing water carry sediment and it floods onto the valley floor forming a floodplain. This area of land is very fertile.

Answer 80

Upland: farms are dispersed and isolated Lowland: villages/town surrounding farmland

Answer 81

Upland: stone walls-structured through shape of the land Lowland: hedges and trees-parallel, structured

Answer 82

Upland: Livestock and sheep farming Lowland: Mostly crops, arable farming

Answer 83

Uplands: Primary sector jobs- mill farming, agriculture Lowland: Tertiary sector jobs- increased economic activity

Answer 84

Increased greenhouse gasses through various factors such as increased ownership of cars, increased demand of industry due to rising population and the increased energy consumption resulting in the burning of fossil fuels for energy have resulted in global warming, trapping reflected radiation from the sun within the earth’s atmosphere Melting glaciers and ice sheets which initially lay of land have increase the total volume of sea water Thermal expansion due to rising temperatures has further caused sea level rise

Answer 85

Rising sea levels in itself may result in flooding of coastal areas, resulting in the displacement of locals Flooding caused by rising sea levels may result in the saturation of sediment, decreasing stability and causing the retreat of coastal areas Increased temperatures results in increased rate of evaporation of sea water, causing salt weathering Increased temperatures may also result in increased frequency of storms, resulting in frequent destructive waves on the coast, causing coastal areas to retreat through increased erosion (hydraulic action)

Answer 86

Vegetation is planted by laying geo- meshes and planting grasses and shrubs – the roots can stabilise soil. Drainage pipes are placed which reduces water pressure and prevents saturation. Together, these reduce mass movement slumping

Answer 87

They don’t interfere with transportation and it doesn’t increase erosion down the coast Together, these reduce mass movement Keeps cliff in place and is safer for beach users

Answer 88

Difficult to install and beach may be closed for long time Up to £1million for full slope stabalisation

Answer 89

Groynes Sea walls

Answer 90

Beach nourishment Slope stabilisation

Answer 91

The use sea defences to stop erosion and so the coast stays where it is - expensive

Answer 92

By building new defences on the seaward side of the original defences - very expensive

Answer 93

Gradually let low value areas of the shoreline to erode backwards to help protect high value areas. Compensation is given.

Answer 94

South west/west