Topic 4, The Uk's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards
What is hard enginerring
The use of physical structures to protect coastlines and rivers from flooding and erosional processes
Enkankements(levees)
High banks built on or near rivers,stops river from spreading into places it could cause problems, can be earth(grass to blend in)
Water get trapped over the top,
Flood walls
Artifical barriers desgned to raised height of river bank, stops water spreading into areas
Expensive,might cause dlood downstream as if moves quickly,spoils view
Demountable flood barriers
Temperary structures only installed when needed and taken down after id been forecast,used where a permanent flood wall
Defense not installed at time, cant be used for places not been deployed to
Floos barriers/storm suege barriers
Floodgates built near river mouth stopping storm surfes, gate closed when high tide,protects large areas
Construction cost high,high maintenance
Soft enginerring
Doesn’t require structures being built
Flood plain retention
Strategy to restore rivers og floodplain,allows rivers to flood helps slow water down and recover its natural sedimentation processes. Restores soil structure,helping it store water
Mean a change in land use , a chang ein farmland
River restoration
Restore the rivers original course by restoring meanders which slows rivers down.attractive
Some flood banks are still needed. Change in land can being disadvantages
How to reduce impacts of flooding
Governments provide information of what to do before a flood, planning permision for building near river
Planning permision buildings
Tiles and rugs instead of carpets. Electric sockets 1.5 m above ground floor. Flood door barriers
Direct impact
Something caused by humans
Indirect impact
Something caused as a result of direct impact
Human activities on coast- industry
Easington gas works, proceses 25% of Uk gas. Sand was dredged from the beach and under the sea to build up heights
Increases height of destructive waves
Human activities on coast- agriculture
Tunstall farm is a farm on the edge. A decisionwas made to not save it as it is poor quality and low value. It is eroding now and material is passed along coast and deposited at beaches further down the coast
Human activities on coast- Coastal management
Mappletown is a small village with houses,church ,shops. It is being protected by groynes ,which is slowing down erosion but increasing further down the doast
Human activities on coast- developement
Bridlington is a large town for tourism but by building the harbour and dredging dediment, cliffs are collapsing
What influences coastal landforms
The geological structure . Hard rock like limestone is more resistant,soft rock like clay and sandstone less resistant
DisConcordant coastline
Hard rock,soft rock,hard rock
Hard and soft rock at 90 degreess to coast
Concordant coastline
Hard rock
Soft rock
Hard rock
Parallel to coast
Erosiomal landforms at discordant
Bays and headlands as rock is eroded at different rates
How waves erode cliffs to form wave cut platforms
Water causes erosion at foot of the cliff. This forms a wave cut notch and is enlarged as erosion continues.the rock about bceomes unstable and is washed away. New wave cut nothtch is formed.repeated collapsing causes cliff retreating. Wave cut platfrom is left behind.
Hoe sre headlands eroded to form caves ,arches and stacks
Headlands made out of resistant rock that have cracks.waves crasj into headlands and enlarge cracks by hydraughlic action and abrasion. Enlargement of cracks forms a cave. Erosion deepends cave till breaks through. Arch collapses and froms stack
Destructive waves
Wear away coast. Carry out erosional processes,large backswash, material removes from coast
Longshore drift
Transporting material along coastline. Waves follow direction of prevailing winda which hit at oblique angles . The swash carries material in same dirwction and backswash brings it back 9pdegree to sea. Zig zag along coast
