Topic 4: Regenerating Places Flashcards
1
Q
Regeneration definition:
A
- redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change.
- regeneration plans focus on the fabric (…) of a place: new buildings and spaces with new purposes.
2
Q
Rebranding definition:
A
- ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its news identity to attract new investors.
3
Q
What makes a place distinctive?
A
- physical landscapes: which result from geology and landscape processes (such as erosion).
- human landscapes: which are often linked to physical factors. Local geology has produced Yorkshire’s gritstone buildings, e.g. Leeds Town Hall.
- economic past: Leeds Town Hall dates from the city’s wealthy Victorian industrial past. Many of West snd South Yorkshire’s towns and cities have grand civic buildings like this.
Other things that make a place distinctive include:
- its religious past: Places of worship - churches, mosques, temples or synagogues - form the heart of many places.
- it’s food and drink: with regional specialities such as Yorkshire pudding.
- how it’s portrayed in the media: Books, film and TV often characterise places - e.g. Coronation Street (Manchester) of Doc Martin (Port Isaac in Cornwall)
4
Q
Place definition:
A
- an area or location, shaped by internal connection and external connection. Place can only hold a bit of …
5
Q
Why do young people move to work in London?
A
Two long-term economic changes in the UK:
- the decline of the primary and secondary sectors
- the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
6
Q
Classifying employment - economic sectors:
A
- primary sector: producing food crops and raw materials (e.g. farming, mining, forestry)
- secondary sector: manufacturing finished products
- tertiary sector: providing services, either in the private sector (e.g. retail, tourism) or public and voluntary sectors (e.g. health care, education)
- quaternary sector: providing specialist services in finance and law, of industries such as IT and biotechnology.
- quinery sector:
7
Q
Other ways of classifying employment
A
The sector terms do not fully describe a person’s job, position, or their hours. To overcome this, there are tiger classifications depending on whether jobs are:
- full-time (35 hours per week) or part-time (under 35 hours)
- temporary or permanent
- employed or self-employed
8
Q
Primary sector and secondary sector:
A
- 1980s: Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy.
- goods produced by primary and secondary industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas. Reasons for this include:
+ British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
+ UK wages were often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. Tis led to the growth of manufacturing in Asia die to its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
9
Q
Tertiary sector:
A
- particularly in tourism and retail.
- these areas grew because of higher incomes, cheaper air travel and increased car ownership.
- some parts of the Uk also sought to rebrand their past to create a new image (e.g. Liverpool). But, unlike the former industrial jobs, many of these new jobs are seasonal (tourism in summer and retail at Christmas), and are often low paid and part-time.
10
Q
Quaternary sector:
A
- has shown the fastest growth. This is called the knowledge economy, and it provides highly specialised jobs that use expertise in fields such as finance, law and It.
- the biggest of these fields is banking and finance; international banks in London generate huge wealth.
- they can be described as footloose as they can locate anywhere. Their locations are often chsoen according to financial incentives (e.g. low tax rates) and connectivity (good transport links and super fast broadband are vital).
- growth in the Quaternary sector has concentrated in London’s Docklands.
- quaternary salaries are much higher than the average, so divisions in wealth between the north and south of the UK has widened.
11
Q
Quinery sector:
A
- the professions of the people working in this industry are generally referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions since the services included in the sector focus on interpretation of existing or the ideas, evaluation of new technologies, creation of services.
- it is one of the parts of the tertiary sector, but it involves highly paid professionals, research, scientists and government officials. The people are designed with high postions and powers, and these who make important decisions that are especially far-reaching in the world around them often belong to this category.
12
Q
What has happened to the primary and secondary sectors?
A
- primary and secondary sectors declined.
- in the 1980s, the Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy - often called the old economy.
- goods produces by primary (e.g. coal mining) and secondary (e.g. manufacturing) industries in the UK were often more expensive than the equivalent goods produced overseas.
- large numbers of UK mines and manufacturing plants closed during the 1980s, creating derelict land. Employers like these had provided mainly full-time, well-paid jobs. The closures particularly affected northern England, the Midlands, Wales and Scotland, where unemployment soared.
13
Q
What has happened to the tertiary and quaternary sectors?
A
- sectors grew
- to place the lost jobs in the primary and secondary sectors, the government encouraged the growth of a new post-industrial economy - sometimes called the new economy.
14
Q
Why are goods produced overseas?
A
Reasons include:
- British coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mine than in many other countries.
- UK wages erre often higher than those overseas - making British products more expensive. The growth of manufacturing in Asia, with its cheaper labour costs, led to cheap imported goods.
15
Q
Why was rebranding in Liverpool needed?
A
- in the 18th and 19th century, Liverpool was a huge port that handled thousands of tonnes of imports and exports per day.
- however in the 1980s it experiences industrial decline as the docks closed. As a result, there were high levels of crime and vandalism and economic and social deprivation.
16
Q
How was it rebranded?
A
- after race riots in Toxteth, the Merseyside Development Corporation set about reclaiming 4km(2) of derelict land by creating new housing and thousands of new jobs.
- the first flagship regeneration project was the Albert Dock, which was a former derelict dock that was made an attraction in 1988. Today it attracts over 4 million visitors a year.
- rebranding was done un three ways: culture, shopping and the Waterfront.
17
Q
Liverpool - culture:
A
- Liverpool has a rich history of music (the Beatles) as well as two premier league football teams.
- in 2003 Liverpool was awarded the European Capital of Culture 2008 the since the city has been transformed with major investment.
- over £2.8 million was spent in the city, in which it was said to have boosted the economy by £800 million in 2008 alone.
- over 15 million visitors were attracted for the 700 cultural events that were being held in one year. As a result all tourist attractions saw increased visitor numbers, Albert Dock saw 30% increase.
18
Q
Liverpool - the Waterfront:
A
- awarded a UNESCO World Heritage site for the important history the dock held. It was regenerated a second time with Albert Dock reinventing itself after the departure of surface one media companies.
- a new £19 million liner terminal has been built at Princess Dock, with the Pier Head, where Merseyside Ferries depart being regenerated by the extension of the Leeds-Liverpool canal.
- the rebuilding of the Museum of Liverpool also occurred with the total cost being £10 million and opening in 2010.
19
Q
Liverpool - shopping:
A
- Liverpool used to be the 3rd most visited shopping destination in the 1960s. However dropped below Manchester into 17th in 2002. Although has made a comeback since 2008 with it being the place where shoppers would spend the most money after London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.
- 17 hectares site mixes transport, retail, warehousing and some housing and was known as Paradise Projection with its work starting in autumn 2004.
- development contains 160 stores, additional elements of leisure and dining (14 screen cinema, cafes and bars) over 600 residential units, offices, public open space and transport improvements,
- privately developed and cost over £1 billion.
20
Q
Socio-economic inequalities:
A
- regional inequalities
- variations in quality of life
- occupation and life expectancy
- income and health
- variations in educational achievement.
21
Q
What are the causes of socio-economic inequalities?
A
- job type of the cause of many other inequalities. London’s position as the UK capital means that incomes there are far higher than elsewhere. This leads to other inequalities in areas such as health and education.
22
Q
Regional inequalities:
A
- incomes vary regionally. Incomes in London are the highest because:
- it’s the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions in government, the civil service snd un major company headquarters.
- those who work in the Docklands-based knowledge economy have higher incomes than the average.
- 58% of jobs in London occur in the three highest- income categories (mangers, directors and senior officials; professional; associate professional and technical) and only 22% of jobs in the lowest three categories (caring, leisure and other services; elementary occupations; sales and customer services)
- in areas such as Yorkshire and Humber, the equivalent percentages are 41% and 31%.
23
Q
Variations in quality of life:
A
24
Q
Occupation and life expectancy:
A
-
25
Q
Income and health:
A
-
26
Q
Variations in educational achievement:
A
- London has the highest percentage of good GCSE passes and those qualified up to university degree level, with North East England being the lowest.
- this doesn’t mean that there is something about London that makes students there more able to pass GCSEs, nor does it mean that schools are poorer-quality elsewhere. The relationship is linked to employment - those with the highest qualifications are more likely to work in London and move there.
- their children are also more likely to pass GCSEs with high grades - the result of factors such as paying for extra tuition, or a home culture of doing homework.
27
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…
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28
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…
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29
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….
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30
Q
Brick Lane - location:
A
- located in the East End of London, specifically in the ward of Spitalfields and Banglatown in the borough of Tower Hamlets
- runs from Bethnal Green in the north through Spitalfields to southern end which is connected to Whitechapel.
- Brick Lane is 3.7 miles from central London making it easy to commute to the city.
31
Q
Brick Lane - history (early history):
A
- been in existence since 1500s. Named after Brick kilns brought by early Flemish settlers.
- in 1666 the brewery industry was active. Joseph Truman brought the brewery in 1679 and was extended until eventually closing in 1980s.
- 1680s: French Huguenots fleeing persecution came to the area from Nantes, Lyon, etc. They brought their silk weaving skills with them and influence still exists today.
- Jewish community settled in 17th century, established themselves as financiers and traders. By 1700 Jewish population in the area was 8000.
- buildings developed as the area did - 1743 Huguenot church was established.
- market developed during the 18th century and still exists today on Sundays.
-1880s: Russian Jews began to arrive.
32
Q
Brick Lane - history (later history):
A
- Jewish population moved to other areas in London in 1930s.
- WW2 caused Bengalis to come to London. They established themselves finding work in Jewish tailoring or creating their own businesses, e.g. famous curry restaurants.
- over time Flemish, French, Jewish, Bengalis and Russians have been welcomed.
33
Q
Brick Lane - history (modern day):
A
- home to diverse mix of fashion, art, entertainment, retail and start-up businesses.
- richness and complexity of the area is due to the ,any influences throughout history.
- millions visit each year.
34
Q
Brick Lane - demographics:
A
- population of 12,578 in 2011. 5% of total TH population
- 53.9% males and 46.1% females
- 58% were of BME ethnicity compared to average London borough of 54%
- Bangladeshi population was 41% also higher than the average
- 38% Muslim - higher than 12% of London borough
- 80.1% of people were between the ages of 16-64
- high proportion of people between the ages of 20-40 due to a wide range of jobs available due to proximity to the city.
35
Q
Brick Lane - land use:
A
- Brick Lane is predominantly retail shops, restaurants, pubs and cafes. However upper storeys include offices and residential houses.
- 59 Brick Lane:
- first established as a church by the French Huguenots who were fleeing persecution in France. This was in 1743. This lasted for six decades.
- due to the large population of Jewish people from Central Europe and Russia the building became the ‘Spitalfields Great Synagogue in the late 19th century.
- however many Jewish people migrated to other areas resulting in the synagogue losing worshippers and closing down.
- in 1976 it reopened as a mosque due to the increasing population of people from Bangladesh moving into the area.
36
Q
Brick Lane - deprivation:
A
- Tower Hamlets has the highest rate of child poverty across all London boroughs at 56%. London borough average is 37%.
- S+B unemployment rate is 13.8%, borough is 12%.
- TH is 10th most deprived borough in London.
- proportion of socially rented housing is lower than average London borough and 26% of housing is owner-owned.
- however there are 420 new affordable, social and other discounted houses being built over last three years which is the highest of any other borough.
37
Q
Brick Lane - transport:
A
- good links to the city and West End due to its sufficient underground, bus and rail networks. Several underground stations, e.g. Liverpool Street, Aldgate East and Shoreditch High Street.
- Liverpool Street Station has national links as well as to London and surrounding areas.
- also access to the DLR
- TH borough is home to London City Airport which handles 4.3 million passengers annually.
38
Q
History of Bromley?
A
- borough has expanded over time to take in areas of surrounding districts, e.g. Farnborough or Hayes.
- largest borough in London in terms of size (150km2)
- greenest borough in London
- slight shift from Market Town to a more residential area - Shortlands/Bromley south train stations (1860s)
- served as a stopping point between London and Kent towns
- Established as a market ton by King John in 1205
- commuter town
39
Q
Bromley demographics:
A
- least densely populated borough
- population of 330,000 people
- unemployment rate - 4.4%
- child poverty rate is 26%, lower than London average of 37.
- 77.4% of residents are white British, compared to BME 8.4%
- women occupy 69% of highest paid jobs and 82% of lowest paid jobs (2018)
- Bromley has a pay inequality that is somewhat higher than the average borough - women’s hourly pay is 15.7% less than males.
40
Q
Bromley - education:
A
- variety of schools; independent, state-funded, further education and specialist and alternative schools.
- 119 schools
- 76 primary
- 17 secondary
- 2 grammar schools
- 5 preparatory schools
- 11 special and alternative schools
- further education - Bromley College of Further and Higher Education
41
Q
Bromley - cultural capital:
A
- home to a number of theatres - main one is Churchill theatre. Opened in 1977 by Prince of Wales
- 14 libraries
- sport: 4 Non-league football clubs, e.g. Bromley FC, and 4 rugby clubs including Beckenham RFC - founded in 1933.
- many public spaces - e.g. Queen’s gardens and Church House Gardens.
- 135 churches within the borough
42
Q
Bromley - house prices:
A
- average house price in the borough is £598,000 increased by 5% over the last 12 months.
- average house price in the England is approximately £285,000 (3.9% increase over last 12 months)
- house prices are increasing due to increased demand and shortage of houses for sale.
43
Q
How were the London Docklands regenerated?
A
-
44
Q
Which players are involved in regenerating London Docklands?
A
- property owners keen to purchase land (the former Port of London was government-owned)
- architects
- investors
- construction companies
