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Biology 101 > Topic 4: Proteins and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Topic 4: Proteins and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Proteins
composed of?

A

Different arrangements of
20 amino acid monomers.

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2
Q

What are the eight
types of Proteins?

A

Enyzymatic (Enzyme)
Transportation (Transport)
Defensive (Defense)
Signaling (Signal) / Hormonal (Hormones)

Reception (Receptor)
Contractile (Contraction)
Structural (Structure)
Storing (Storage)

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3
Q

What are Enyzyme Proteins?

A

They catalyze the chemical reactions.

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4
Q

What is a
Transport Protein?

A

It moves sugar molecules and
other nutrients within cells.

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5
Q

What is a Defensive Protein?

A

They protect against diseases.

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6
Q

What is a
Signal/Hormonal
Protein?

A

They coordinate an organism’s activities.

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7
Q

What is a
Receptor Protein?

A

It responds chemical stimuli of a cell.

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8
Q

What is a
Contractile Protein?

A

It provides motor function
which contributes to movement.

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9
Q

What is a
Storage Protein?

A

It provides storage of amino acids.

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10
Q

What is a
Structural Protein?

A

It provides support within a cell.

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11
Q

What does the function of
a protein depend on?

A

It depends on their individual shape.

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12
Q

What happens when
a protein is denatured?

A

It unravels thus losing
its shape and function.

It can be denatured through
changes in salt concentration or heat.

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13
Q

What is an Amino Acid
composed of?

A

A Carbon atom bonded with:

One H atom (H+)
One Amino Group (-N-H2)
One Carboxyl Group (OH-C-=O)
One “R” Group

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14
Q

How is one Amino Acid
different from another?

A

Based upon what ever the
chemical group the “R” group is.

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15
Q

Are amino acids
hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

It depends on the “R” Group.

Leucine (Leu) is Hydrophobic
Since the “R” Group is Non-Polar

Serine (Ser) is Hydrophilic
Since the “R” Group is Polar

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16
Q

What is a
Peptide Bond?

A

When the Amino group of one
amino acid links with the
carboxyl group of another amino acid
through a hydrolysis reaction
(water is formed).

17
Q

What is a
Polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids linked
together through peptide bonds.

18
Q

What are the four
levels of structure?

A

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

19
Q

What happens in the
Primary Structure?

A

Peptide bonds connect amino acids
together in a long chain.

20
Q

What happens in the
Secondary Structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds are formed creating

Alpha helix loops

Beta pleated sheets

21
Q

What happens in the
Tertiary Structure?

A

Vander Waal forces and
DiSulfide bridges form creating
a three dimensional structure
based upon the the
interactions of the “R” Groups

22
Q

What happens in the
Quaternary Structure?

A

Two or more
Tertiary units combine to form
a functional protein

23
Q

What is a
Gene?

A

The base unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Genes are composed of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acids) which is a type of Nucleic Acid

24
Q

What is
DNA?

A

DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a type of nucleic acid.

It is inherited from an organism’s parents.

It provides directions for its own replication.

It programs a cell’s activities by directing the synthesis of proteins but does not directly build them.

It replicates through an intermediary known as RNA.

25
Q

What is
RNA?

A

RNA is Ribonucleic Acid.

DNA is *transcribed *into RNA in a cell’s nucles.

RNA is translated into proteins in the cytoplasm.

26
Q

What is DNA and RNA
composed of?

A

DNA and RNA are composed of
monomers called nucleotides.

27
Q

What is a
Nucleotide?

A

A momomer composed of three parts:

A 5-Carbon Sugar called ribose in RNA

A Phosphate group (PO4)

A Nitrogenous base

28
Q

How many Nitrogenous bases are there
…what are they?

A

There are four kinds of Nitrogenous bases

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T in DNA), Uracil (U in RNA)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

29
Q

What are
Nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of nucleotides

A nucleic acid olymer, a polynucleotide, forms from the nucleotide monomers when the phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide by dehydration synthesis.

This produces a repeating sugar-phosphate backbone with protruding nitrogenous bases.

30
Q

What is the
shape of RNA?

A

RNA is usally a single
polynucleotide strand.

31
Q

What is the
shape of DNA?

A

DNA is a double helix, in which two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other.

The A nitrogenous base likes to hydrogen bond with the T nitrogenous base and the C nitrogenous base likes to hydrogen bond with the G nitrogenous base.

Biology 101 (5 decks)

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