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AP Bio > topic 4 part 2 (BIO) > Flashcards

topic 4 part 2 (BIO) Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudopodia

A

A cellular extension of cells used in moving and feeding

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2
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm that speeds the distribution of materials within cells

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3
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments with size between that of microtubules and microfilaments

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4
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell

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5
Q

Middle Lamella

A

A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells

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6
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

A layer of the cell wall that is rigid, used for plant cell protection and support in woody plants

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7
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

An intricate network of molecules, found outside the cell, that link together to form a stable layer.

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8
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

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9
Q

Cell junctions

A

Structures that provide contact between neighboring cells or a cell and the extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Structures where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are pressed against each other, forming continuous seals around the cell.

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that function like rivets. Specialized for cell-cell adhesion.

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12
Q

Gap junctions

A

Structures that provide cytoplasmic channel connections from one animal cell to an adjacent cell

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13
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which the cytosol connects to the cytosol from an adjacent cell

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14
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

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15
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

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16
Q

Integral Proteins

A

proteins that extend entirely through the membrane with both hydrophobic (embedded) and hydrophilic parts

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17
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Protein loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

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18
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

A protein that goes from one side of the cell membrane to the other side.

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19
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipid substances with linked sugar groups

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20
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane

21
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Protein molecules that help to carry substances throughout the body and across cell membranes.

22
Q

Channel Proteins

A

A type of transport protein that functions by having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel through the membrane.

23
Q

Aquaporins

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across a membrane

24
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which molecules spontaneously move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

25
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in the concentrations of a substance across a barrier or membrane.

26
Q

Passive Transport

A

The movement of substances with gradient across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.

27
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane until the concentration on both sides is equal

28
Q

Isotonic

A

Having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

30
Q

Hypotonic

A

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

31
Q

Turgid

A

Firm. Walled cells become firm as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.

32
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp. Lacking in stiffness or firmness, as in a plant cell in surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell.

33
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall

34
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of transport proteins

35
Q

Ion Channels

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient

36
Q

Gated Channels

A

A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.

37
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient

38
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.

39
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The voltage difference between a cell’s cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions.

40
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

A transport force driven by both a difference in charges and in concentration

41
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

A transport protein that generates a voltage across a membrane

42
Q

Proton Pump

A

An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell

43
Q

Cotransport

A

The coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance with the “uphill” transport against its own concentration gradient

44
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell

46
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

47
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

48
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane

AP Bio (1 decks)

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