topic 4 part 2 (BIO) Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

Pseudopodia

A

A cellular extension of cells used in moving and feeding

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2
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm that speeds the distribution of materials within cells

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3
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments with size between that of microtubules and microfilaments

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4
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell

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5
Q

Middle Lamella

A

A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells

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6
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

A layer of the cell wall that is rigid, used for plant cell protection and support in woody plants

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7
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

An intricate network of molecules, found outside the cell, that link together to form a stable layer.

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8
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

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9
Q

Cell junctions

A

Structures that provide contact between neighboring cells or a cell and the extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Structures where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are pressed against each other, forming continuous seals around the cell.

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that function like rivets. Specialized for cell-cell adhesion.

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12
Q

Gap junctions

A

Structures that provide cytoplasmic channel connections from one animal cell to an adjacent cell

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13
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which the cytosol connects to the cytosol from an adjacent cell

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14
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

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15
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

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16
Q

Integral Proteins

A

proteins that extend entirely through the membrane with both hydrophobic (embedded) and hydrophilic parts

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17
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Protein loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

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18
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

A protein that goes from one side of the cell membrane to the other side.

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19
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipid substances with linked sugar groups

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20
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane

21
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Protein molecules that help to carry substances throughout the body and across cell membranes.

22
Q

Channel Proteins

A

A type of transport protein that functions by having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel through the membrane.

23
Q

Aquaporins

A

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across a membrane

24
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which molecules spontaneously move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

25
Concentration Gradient
The difference in the concentrations of a substance across a barrier or membrane.
26
Passive Transport
The movement of substances with gradient across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.
27
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane until the concentration on both sides is equal
28
Isotonic
Having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution
29
Hypertonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
30
Hypotonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
31
Turgid
Firm. Walled cells become firm as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.
32
Flaccid
Limp. Lacking in stiffness or firmness, as in a plant cell in surroundings where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell.
33
Plasmolysis
When a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall
34
Facilitated Diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of transport proteins
35
Ion Channels
A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the membrane down its concentration gradient
36
Gated Channels
A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
37
Active Transport
The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient
38
Sodium-potassium pump
A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
39
Membrane Potential
The voltage difference between a cell's cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid, due to the differential distribution of ions.
40
Electrochemical Gradient
A transport force driven by both a difference in charges and in concentration
41
Electrogenic pump
A transport protein that generates a voltage across a membrane
42
Proton Pump
An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell
43
Cotransport
The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance with the "uphill" transport against its own concentration gradient
44
Exocytosis
the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle
45
Endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
46
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
47
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in
48
Carrier proteins
Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane