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human physiology > Topic 4 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of muscles?

A

To move things inside the body

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2
Q

What are some examples of systems that use muscles?

A

Cells in the blood and lymph, food in the digestive tract (intestine churning the food, swallowing), eggs in the ovarian tubes, sperms in vas deferens, urine, ions from blood to kidney tubules, bile, thoracic cage expansion/contraction, piloerection, spleen

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3
Q

Which movements are powered by which type of muscles in the different systems in the body?

A

The egg in the ovarian tubes = smooth muscles with cilia
sperm in vas deferens = smooth muscles
uriners (connected to kidneys) = smooth muscles
for voluntary peeing = skeletal muscles

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4
Q

What is a movement that muscle cells can do?

A

They contract or shorten

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5
Q

What regulates muscles, and what is the exception?

A

Neurons but smooth and cardiac muscles can do their basic function without them (pacemaker of the heart, GI tract since they have built-in nervous system)

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6
Q

What does the prefix myo- and sarco- refer to?

A

myo- refers to muscle
sarco- refers to mucle cells

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Smooth muscles (single and multi unit), cardiac and skeletal

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8
Q

Visually, what do smooth muscle look like?

A

Spindle-shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibers

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9
Q

Visually, what do cardiac muscle look like?

A

Striated, branched (a little messy), uninucleated fibers (single cell has nucleus)

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10
Q

Visually, what do skeletal muscle look like?

A

Striated, tubular, multinucleated (many cells fused together)`

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11
Q

What is the difference between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscles?

A

Single-unit acts like a single tissue and all cells contract together.
Multi-unit acts independently and is used for fine control movements with specific cells contracting

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12
Q

Which type of muscle has sarcomeres/ striations?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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13
Q

Which type of muscle has actin and myosin?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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14
Q

What is actin and myosin?

A

Protein fibers responsible for contractions?

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15
Q

Which type of muscle voluntary or involuntary control level?

A

Voluntary: skeletal
Involuntary: smooth and cardiac

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16
Q

Which type of muscle has somatic or autonomic neural input?

A

Somatic: skeletal
Autonomic: Smooth and cardiac

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17
Q

Which type of muscle has what as hormonal control?

A

Skeletal: none
Smooth: several, depends on location (ex: hormone that makes stomach churn)
Cardiac: Epinephrine (ex: adrenaline)

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18
Q

Which type of muscle has what as source of calcium?

A

Skeletal: Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smooth and cardiac: SR and ECF (extracellular fluid)

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19
Q

Which type of muscle has what as regulatory protein that binds calcium?

A

Skeletal and cardiac: Troponin
Smooth: Calmodulin

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20
Q

Which type of muscle has gap junctions?

A

Smooth single-unit and cardiac

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21
Q

Which type of muscle has pacemaker activity?

A

Smooth single-unit and cardiac

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22
Q

Which type of muscle has the faster contraction (myosin ATPase activity)?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth (fastest to slowest)

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23
Q

Which type of muscle can the nervous system recruit?

A

Skeletal and smooth multi-unit

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24
Q

Why are skeletal muscles NOT called voluntary striated muscles?

A

Because not all of their movements are conscious all the time
ex: breathing, internal/external intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, diaphragm

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25
Where does the name skeletal muscle come from?
The fact they move bones
26
What is reflected by the visual aspect of skeletal muscles of being dark and light bands running across each cell?
That they have protein fibers actin and myosin
27
What are the names of the connective tissues and their function?
Aponeuroses and tendons they connect muscles to bones
28
Describe aponeurosis
Extremely delicate, as the ability to recoil, thin sheath-like structure
29
Describe tendons
They are the extensions of the muscle, capacity for a lot of endurance to stretching, provides strength and support, rope-like tough structure
30
What is the origin of the muscle?
The attachment site that is more stable or doesn't move much when contracts
31
What is the insertion of the muscle?
The site that undergoes most of the movement
32
What do muscles pull on after a nervous impulse?
Attachment sites
33
What is a prime mover/agonist
Muscle group that produces the main desired movement
34
What is an antagonist?
Muscle that directly opposes the prime mover, controls the smoothness/rigidity of the movement (ex: biceps/triceps)
35
What is a synergist?
Muscle that contracts at the same time as prime mover and is an assistant (ex: digits of the forelimbs or deep/superficial digital flexor
36
What are fixator muscles?
They allow other movements to take place (ex: forearm muscles stabilizes wrist for finger flexing/extension)
37
Can a muscle have always the same role?
No muscles can fulfill different roles at different times
38
What can determine the name of a muscle?
Action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads, attachment site
39
Explain these muscle names: Flexor muscles bends Deltoid Biceps brachii Rectus abdominis Obliques Biceps Sternocephalicus Brachial Cephalic
Flexor muscles bend = extends muscles/joints Deltoid = triangle shape Biceps brachii = located in upper arm/brachial region Rectus abdominis = run lengthwise Obliques = run oblique to axis of body Biceps = has 2 heads Sternocephalicus =originates in sternum Brachial Cephalic = connects arm to brain
40
How long can skeletal muscles be?
A few inches long, which makes them big cells
41
What are muscle cells called?
Muscle fiber
42
Why are muscle fibers very long?
The muscle fibers have multiple nuclei (like a fusion of multiple cells)
43
What is the cell membrane called?
Sarcolemma
44
What does a muscle fiber contain?
Mitochondria (needs ATP for contraction), sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle ER) and meshwork of tubules (T tubules)
45
What are T tubules for?
They conduct electrical signals that come from the sarcolemma that got zapped by the nervous system
46
At what level do contraction occur?
At the level of myofilaments
47
What is a muscle fiber made of?
Hundreds of myofibrils packed in the sarcoplasm
48
What is myofibril made of?
Thousands of myofilaments (protein filaments)
49
What are myofilaments made of?
Actin filaments (thin) and myosin filament (thick)
50
What is a group of muscle fiber called?
A fascicle
51
What surrounds a fascicle?
The perimysium
52
What surrounds the muscle fiber?
The endomysium
53
What surrounds a group of fascicle?
The epimysium
54
What is the perimysium made of?
Reticular fibers and collagen
55
What is the epimysium made of?
Collagen
56
What do the 3 layer of muscles converge to?
Tendons and aponeurosis
57
What do muscle layers also contain?
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
58
What is the synaptic cleft?
The space between the fiber and motor neuron axon terminal
59
What files the motor neuron terminals?
Vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
60
What happens when a muscle gets stronger?
There are more muscle fibers and better connections between the muscle and nervous system
61
What is special about the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers?
It's all around the myofibril, when it's usually just around the nucleus
62
What are the transverse tubules?
They are an extension of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
63
Explain which parts of the muscle fibers are needed for contractions
The sarcolemma gets zapped, the electrical signal travels down T-tubule to the transverse tubules, which are near the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases calcium into the cytoplasm causing contraction
64
What are the proteins involved in contraction mechanism
Myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin
65
What are the A band, I band, Z line in a myofilament?
A band = myosin I band = space between A band Z line = middle of I band
66
What happens during contraction to myosin and actin?
The myosin heads grip to actin a pull it closer, which results in a contraction of the I band and A band
67
What is the thickest layer of the heart?
The myocardium
68
What type of cells are found in the heart?
Involuntary striated muscles
69
How are cardiac muscles different and similar from skeletal?
Differences: much smaller, one nucleus, multiple branches Similarity: have muscle striations and contain myofibrils
70
Explain the anatomy of the cardiac muscle cell
Intercalated disks are attachment sites between cardiac muscle cells. Occur at the Z line of the sarcomere (contain desmosomes and gap junctions)
71
True or false: Cardiac muscle cells contract independently
True
72
What is the name of the heart's pacemaker, and what can it do?
Sinoatrial node and it can generate impulse by itself
73
What causes the cardiac muscles to conduct impulses?
The movement of different ions across the sarcolemma due to gap junctions
74
What is the cardiac muscle circuit made of?
Modified cardiomyocytes which don't contract
75
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
SNS: Flight or Flight PNS: Rest and Digest
76
What does the SNS and PNS do to contractions in smooth muscles?
SNS: decreases contractions PNS: increase contractions
77
Where is the visceral smooth muscle/ single unit found?
Uterus, gastrointestinal tract and the bladder
78
In what way do single unit smooth muscle contracts?
Coordinated fashion or rhythmic waves and strongly when stretched
79
Why is the single unit smooth muscle myogenic while the multiunit is neurogenic?
Myogenic = contracts regularly without input from a neuron Neurogenic = must be initiated by an autonomic nervous system neuron
80
Explain the muscle contraction (from neuron to the contraction and relaxation)
- electrical impulse comes from CNS down to peripheral motor neuron - electrical signal = chemical signal, neurotransmitter acetylcholine - Acetylcholine bins to receptors in the sarcolemma = electrical impulse - Impulse travels down the T tubules, reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum - Calcium ions released in sarcoplasm - Calcium ions bind to troponin = tropomyosin to expose actin binding regions - ATP binds to resting myosin = myosin bind to actin - ADP + P leave myosin = sliding actin filament (release of energy by ATP hydrolysis) = Z line comes closer = contraction
81
When do muscle relax?
Calcium ions are actively pumped back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (requires ATP) Troponin becomes free of Ca+, tropomyosin hide the binding sites
82
When is ATP needed?
For contraction and relaxation
83
What form of glucose is stored in the muscle cells?
Glycogen
84
Where is oxygen stored in the muscle cell?
Myoglobin (similar to hemoglobin)
85
When does fermentation occur?
In the absence of oxygen
86
What is a byproduct of the absence of oxygen?
Lactic acid
87
Is the energy used in contraction completely transformed into work?
No, some energy is lost as heat
88
What does creatine do?
It carries phosphate groups, when the muscles use ATP it generates ADP and needs phosphate. Instead of getting it from the mitochondria, it takes it from the creatine. In general, creatine helps ADP get phosphate quicker
89
What are the layer of the heart (going outside in)?
Fibrous pericardium Parietal pericardium Pericardium cavity Visceral layer/epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
90
What is the effect of tetanus on muscles?
The toxin interferes with normal inhibitory signals in the spinal cord = prevents release neurotransmitters that would inhibit contractions = muscles become excessively contracted
91
What are the two parts of the heart?
Pericardium (fibrous layer, parietal layer, vsiceral layer/epicardium) Heart wall (Visceral layer/epicardium, myocardium, endocardium)
92
What is the effect of botulinium on muscles?
Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis by blocking release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction = prevents muscles fibers from receiving signals necessary for contraction

human physiology (10 decks)

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