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Chem 101 > Topic 4 Flashcards > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the properties of main group elements depend on?

A

Their s and p electrons

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2
Q

Which blocks of the periodic table are metals found?

A

S-block

P-block

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3
Q

Which groups of the periodic table are metals found?

A

1, 2, and 3

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4
Q

Which blocks of the periodic table are non-metals found?

A

P-block

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5
Q

Which groups are non-metals found?

A

Groups 4-8

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6
Q

What is the exception of Group 1?

A

Hydrogen

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7
Q

Why is Hydrogen an exception?

A

It is a non-metal, it reacts covalently and ionically

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8
Q

Why does Hydrogen attract electrons?

A

Because of its small size

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9
Q

What happens to Hydrogen when it reacts with metals?

A

It accepts electrons from the metal

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10
Q

What happens to Hydrogen when it reacts with non-metals?

A

It covalently shares electrons

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11
Q

How is H2 produced?

A

Methane reacts with steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas

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12
Q

What is H2 used for?

A

Production of ammonia. hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make margarine, rocket fuel

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13
Q

What is the exception in group 2?

A

Be

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14
Q

What makes Beryllium different from other group 2 elements?

A

It has a small size and therefore higher electronegativity so it forms covalent bonds with covalent character?

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15
Q

What is the characteristics of Beo?

A

It is covalent and amphoteric

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16
Q

Why doesn’t BeCl2 not have a full octet?

A

Because the type of bond it creates

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17
Q

What kind of bond does BeCl2 create

A

Dative bonds and Bridge bonds

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18
Q

What is a Dative bond?

A

Bonds that occur when 2 atoms make a bond but both electrons come from one atom only

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19
Q

What is a Bridge Bond?

A

A bond with 3 atoms and 4 electrons

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20
Q

How does BeCl2 form a Bridge bond?

A

The Cl shares two electrons pairs with two Be’s

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21
Q

What kind of structure does BeCl2 form?

A

A polymeric structure

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22
Q

What kind of bond does BeH2 form?

A

A banana bond

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23
Q

What is a Banana bond?

A

A 3 center 2 electron bond

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24
Q

How does Be form a Banana bond in H2?

A

The H shares its electrons with 2 Be each

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25
Q

What is the exception in Group 3?

A

Boron

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26
Q

Why is Boron the exception of group 3?

A

It is a semimetal

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27
Q

What is the exception in Group 4?

A

Carbon

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28
Q

What are the 3 reasons that Carbon is an exception?

A

1) Carbon Carbon single bonds are more common the Si-Si bonds
2) Carbon can form double and triple bonds
3) Carbon forms strong oxides

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29
Q

Why are Carbon Carbon bonds stronger than Si-Si?

A

They are more stable which is shown through the high amount of energy required to break them

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30
Q

Why can’t silicone form multiple bonds?

A

It is too large

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31
Q

Why are Carbon Oxides stronger than Silicone Oxides?

A

Carbon oxides can form pi bonds which are strong bonds

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32
Q

What kind of structures do Carbon oxides form?

A

Molecules

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33
Q

What kind of structures do Silicone Oxides form?

A

Extended structures

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34
Q

What is the exception in group 5?

A

Nitrogen

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35
Q

What makes nitrogen the exception?

A

It can form pi bonds

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36
Q

Why can nitrogen form pi bonds?

A

Because its smaller

37
Q

What is the exception in Group 6?

A

Ocygen

38
Q

Why is oxygen the exception?

A

It is small so it can form pi bonds

39
Q

What is Metallurgy?

A

The science of production and purification of metals

40
Q

How does Extraction by Reduction of a metal work?

A

Carbon or hydrogen is used along with heat to reduce the metala

41
Q

How does Extraction by Electrolysis (of a molten compound) work?

A

A molten ionic compound is heated heated so that it separates into its ions. An electric current is then ran through it to create the atoms

42
Q

Why is Boron an exception?

A

It is a semi-metal, forms covalent bonds

43
Q

What are hydrides of Boron known as?

A

Boranes

44
Q

What is the stability of BH3?

A

It is very unstable because it is poor in electrons

45
Q

What does BH3 undergo?

A

Dimerization to form B2H6

46
Q

What kind of bonds does B2H6 have?

A

3 center 2e banana bonds with terminal bonds being regular covalent bonds

47
Q

What are the characteristics of Aluminium?

A
  • Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust
  • High thermal and electrical conductivity
  • Forms covalent bonds with non-metals
48
Q

How does Al in AlCl3 complete its octet?

A

It undergoes dimerization with Cl sharing it electrons with aluminium with dative bonds to form Al2Cl6

49
Q

What are the characteristics of Gallium?

A

It exists as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures

50
Q

What are the Properties of Indium?

A

Same as aluminium and Gallium. Has multiple oxidation states of +1 and +3

51
Q

What are the Properties of Thallium?

A

Has more chemical properties of a metal

Both +1 and +3 oxidation states

52
Q

What does it mean on a Phase Graph if the line that separates solids and liquids bends to the right?

A

The solid phase is more dense than the liquid phase

53
Q

What does it mean on a Phase Graph is the line that separates solids and liquids bend left?

A

Solid phase is less dense than the liquid phase

54
Q

What are the 3 Allotropes of Carbon?

A

Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes

55
Q

What is the atomic Structure of Graphite?

A

Central carbon bonded to 3 other carbons one with a double bond. It also has a hexagonal structure

56
Q

What is the Conductivity of Graphite?

A

Can conduct electricity because of the free electrons in the pi bond

57
Q

What are the layers of Graphite held together by?

A

Van der Waals forces that slide past each other easily

58
Q

Why does Graphite have a high melting point?

A

Because the bonds between carbon atoms are strong but the forces between the layers are weak

59
Q

What type of structure does Diamond have?

A

A 3 dimensional tetrahedral structure

60
Q

What is the atomic structure in Diamonds?

A

Central carbon bonded to 4 other carbons with single bonds

61
Q

What kind of melting point that does diamond have?

A

A high one

62
Q

What is the Conductivity of diamonds?

A

Does not conduct electricity but good conductor of heat

63
Q

What are Fullerenes?

A

Molecules of Carbon with hollow shapes

64
Q

What are examples of Fullerenes?

A

Carbon Nanotubes, buckyballs C60, hexagonal shapes for both

65
Q

What are the Allotropes of Silicone?

A

Silica and Silicates

66
Q

What is Silica?

A

SiO2

67
Q

What is Silicates?

A

SiO2 combines with other elements

68
Q

What do Ge, Sn, Pb exist as?

A

In the forms of sulfides and oxides

69
Q

What kind of bonds do all group 4 elements create?

A

4 Covalent bonds with non-metals forming tetrahedral molecules with sp3 hybridization

70
Q

What are the properties of Silicon and Germanium?

A
  • Semi-metals

- Semiconductors in electronics

71
Q

What are the properties of Sn?

A

Soft and silvery white metals

72
Q

What are the components of bronze?

A

88% copper 12%tin

73
Q

What are the components of Solder?

A

11% tin 37% lead 42% Bismuth 10% Cadmium

74
Q

What are the components of Pewter?

A

85% tin 15% (Cu, Bi as hardeners)

75
Q

What are the 3 Allotropes of Tin?

A

Grey (Alpha)
White (Beta)
Gamma

76
Q

What are the properties of Grey (Alpha) tin?

A

Most stable form, transforms into white above 13.2 degrees

77
Q

What are the properties of White (Beta) tin?

A

Commonly found form of Sn (Normal) tin

78
Q

What are the properties of Gamma tin?

A

Exists at very high temperatures

79
Q

What are the Non-metals in group 5?

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

80
Q

What is the semimetal in group 5?

A

Arsenic

81
Q

What are the metals in group 5?

A

Antimony

Bismuth

82
Q

Why do heavier elements tend to have more metallic properties?

A

Because their size increases so their electrons have less attraction to the core which means they can lose electrons more easily

83
Q

Why is Phosphorus different than Nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen is more easily able to make pi bonds because of its small size. Phosphorus can use its d-orbital and nitrogen cannot. Nitrogen is less electronegative

84
Q

What are the 3 allotropes of Phosphorus?

A

White
Black
Red

85
Q

What are the properties of White Phosphorus?

A

Very Reactive
Can ignite itself
Tetrahedral

86
Q

What are the properties of Black Phosphorus?

A

Crystal array
Conducts electricity with lone pairs
Most stable form of phosphorus

87
Q

What are the properties of Red Phosphorus?

A

Chainlike Polymeric

88
Q

How is Red P made?

A

White and heat at 1 atm

89
Q

How is Black P made?

A

White or Red P and heat and 12000 atm

Chem 101 (4 decks)

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