Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 240 Microbiology > Topic 4 - Eukarya > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Eukarya Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

morphology of typical eukaryotes

A
  • membrane-bound nucleus
  • larger than bacterial or archaeal cells
  • contains organelles
  • possess a cell wall and complex internal cytoskeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

peroxisome

A

breaks down fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hydrogenosome and where are they found?

A
  • production of H2 and ATP
  • aids in fermentation (H2 gas, ATP)
  • found in some amitochondriates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the nucleus

A
  • storage and expression of information
  • double membrane
  • contains linear chromosomes of cell
  • non-membrane bound nucleolus exists within nucleus (ribosome synthesis)
  • spatial separation
    – transcription occurs in nucleus
    – translation occurs in cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secretory pathway

A
  • uses ER/Golgi apparatus
    (where proteins are often modified before reaching destinations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mitochondria

A
  • plays a role in cell metabolism - TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)
  • uses electron transport chains to produce ATP (chemiosmosis via proton motive force)
  • organic carbon gives up electrons
  • surface area for ETC and ATP synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • role in cell metabolism
  • use electron transport chains to produce ATP (chemiosmosis via proton motive force)
  • use produced ATP to fix carbon into organic compounds (e.g., glucose)
  • water loses electron instead of organic carbon (like in mitochondria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

both mitochondria and chloroplasts are ______, meaning?

A

semi-autonomous
- each has a DNA genome, ribosomes, and transcription machinery
- replicates independently
- most of proteins originate from DNA in cell nucleus
- divide like bacteria (binary fission), contain bacteria-like genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that allow molecule transport
    – facilitated (no ATP) and active (ATP)
  • involved in homeostasis
  • fewer proteins on eukaryal plasma membranes because they went in double membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • have sterols (not in archaea or bacteria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell wall

A
  • some eukaryotes have cell walls (fungi, algae, etc)
  • cell support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fungi & algae cell wall composed of?

A

chitin
cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cellulose and chitin structure

A

use specific beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds between sugars
- strength and rigidity
- same NAG in bacterial, slight differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • has a role in cell structure
  • more extensive in eukaryotes
  • comprised of three major pieces
    – microtubules (tubulin)
    – microfilaments (actin)
    – intermediate filaments (various proteins)
    (each differs in structure/function; all contribute to cell shape)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cytoskeleton is involved in ________

A

intracellular trafficking, motion, cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell division is assisted by _____

A

spindle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

eukaryal vs bacterial flagella

A

eukaryal:
- more flexible-
nine microtubules doublets form a tube around a core pair of microtubules (axoneme) (9+2 array)
- motion occurs w ATP, helping microtubules in axoneme slide past ach other
- has a membrane (keep ATP in), built from distal tip

bacterial:
- nonflexible hollow
- extends outside cell membrane and cell wall
- also build from distal tip
- arrangement: polar or peritrichous
- PMF energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eukaryal cilia/flagella diagram parts

A

transport vesicle attached to kinesin which “walks” along microtubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ can exploit the cytoskeleton

A

pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

most eukarya are ___

A

microorganisms

20
Q

what macroorganisms are eukaryotes

A

animals and plants

21
Q

how many times did endosymbiosis happen? just once?

A

a few times, for the diff algaes (brown, red, green)

22
Q

what are some highly conserved genes that we can study to understand eukaryal phylogeny?

A

tubulins, heat shock proteins, etc

23
Q

4 eukaryal microbes categories

A
  • fungi
  • protozoa
  • slime molds
  • algae
24
Q

which two eukaryal microbes can use amoeboid: pseupod?

A

protozoa (some, some others swim w cilia/flagella)
slime molds

25
Q

____ is polymerized/depolymerized by amoeba to move (pseudopods)

A

actin

26
Q

model organism - fungi

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- heterotrophic, chitin cell wall

27
Q

fungal phylogeny (5 types + short desc)

A

1) Chytridiomycota - early branching, “watermolds”, Laurel Creek banks
2) Zygomycota - Rhizopus (bread mold), lab contamination
3) Glomeromycota - mycorrhizal fungi - important for plants!
4) Ascomycota - “spore shooters”, cup/sac fungi, yeast
5) Basidiomycota - “spore droppers”, club fungi, traditional mushroom-producing fungi

28
Q

Protozoa

A
  • very broad category
  • some heterotrophic, some photosynthetic
  • variable cell walls
  • diff motility strats
  • diff reproduction strats
29
Q

protozoa - amitochondriate example

A

Giardia lamblia
- genetically “old”, lacks mitochondria
- causes human disease
- diarrhea from unfiltered water

30
Q

slime moulds - model organisms (2)

A

protozoa
- Dictyostelium discoideum (study ecology, cell motility, cell-cell communication)
- Physarum (fuses many cells into a continuous, multinucleate giant cell)

31
Q

algae characteristics (short) + model organism

A
  • many are multicellular
  • all are photosynthetic with cellulose cell walls
  • Chlamydomonas:
    – two-flagella form (study eukaryal flagella biogenesis/function)
    – can mess w pH to watch flagella regrow
32
Q

Eukaryal replication

A
  • more complicated due to haploid/diploid states
  • possible for sexual or asexual reproduction
33
Q

mitosis

A
  • produces two identical daughter cells from one original cell
  • diploid to diploid OR haploid to haploid
34
Q

meiosis

A
  • four haploid cells from one original diploid cell
  • one round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell division
  • segregation of maternal/paternal chromosomes
  • “crossing over” between chromosomes prior to segregation
  • ensures each haploid cell is genetically distinct
  • first meiotic cell division -> two haploid cells
  • second meiotic cell division -> four haploid cells
35
Q

Saccharomyces life cycle

A
  • can undergo meiosis to form an ASCUS (skin bag)
  • haploid mating types can fuse to reproduce sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis
  • meiosis under unfavourable conditions
  • not limited to ascus formation
  • budding off of smaller cells can occur, or fission of identically sized cells
36
Q

Chlamydomonas life cycle

A
  • maintains a motile haploid state
  • haploid cells differentiate and fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions - SPORE formation
37
Q

Dictyostelium life cycle

A
  • exists in a haploid unicellular form until conditions worsen
  • multicellular “slug” is formed with a stalk and a fruiting body
  • spores form in fruiting body, restarting life cycle as haploid cells
  • haploid cells can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form
  • MACROCYST form undergoes meiosis to make haploid cells
38
Q

when did life start?

A

4.5-4 bya

39
Q

when did eukaryotes first appear?

A

2.1-1.6 bya

40
Q

which came first, mitochondria or chloroplast?

A

mitochondria, then chloroplast

41
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A
  • mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble bacteria in both size and shape
  • double membranes, binary fission
  • division with FtsZ
  • each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to bacteria
  • circular chromosome
42
Q

exception for endosymbiotic theory + example

A

amitochondriates, which likely evolved out of using them to obtain energy (e.g., Giardia)

43
Q

endosymbiosis in modern cells (experiment)

A

algae infected with x-bacteria
- the algae that survived died with antibiotics (meaning they became dependent on bacteria for survival)

44
Q

Paramecium ingests ___ to use them for__?

A

algae
photosynthesis

45
Q

diseases caused by eukaryal microbes

A
  • protozoa can cause BIG diseases (e.g., malaria, african sleeping sickness)
  • difficult to treat as we are eukaryotes
  • fungi are less likely to cause disease but cam in immuno-comprised humans (e.g., oral thrush, athlete’s foot)
  • protozoa and fungi can cause BIG diseases in plants (e.g., tar spots, potato blight famine)
46
Q

what microbe caused the potato blight and great irish famine? (exact name)

A

Phytophthora infestans (fungus)

47
Q

beneficial roles of eukarya microbes

A
  • primary producers provide energy
    (some algae produce a ton of O2 in ocean)
  • biodegraders recycle nutrients
  • some eukaryal microbes can degrade cellulose recycling plant matter better than animals can

BIOL 240 Microbiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions