Topic 4 - Demography Flashcards
births,deaths,aging population,migration
how is birth rate defined
its defined as the number of live births
what are the reasons for the decline in birth rate
Changes in women’s position, decline in infant mortality rate ,children being an economic liability, child centeredness
how has women’s position affected birth rate
educated women are likely to use family planning, an easier access to divorce, contraception
state sociologist for birth rate
harper- the education of women leads to the decline of birth rates , educated women see other possibilities of life eg: careers before children
how has child centeredness affected birth rate
parents want to give children a quality life , they give more attention to them
what is an economic liability and hoiw has it affected birth rate ?
economically, there are laws to stop children from working at a young age , this means there is more financial pressure on the parent, bringing up a child is costly.
what is the dependency ratio
is the relationship between the size of the working population and the size of the population that does not work
less children means that there is less of a burden on parents
vanishing children
childhood can become lonely as children have less siblings , it could also mean that they can become more valued, leading back to child centeredness
aging population
women are deciding to have children when they are older because of their careers
why has death rate declined?
the 1950’s had a disease of wealth, leading to people getting heart disease , resulting in death,
medical improvements have been made and people know that they should live a healthier lifestyle to reduce the chance of death
reasons for the decline in death rate
improved nutrition -increases the resistance to infection, increasing the survival rates
medical improvements- NHS 1948,surgery and improved medication
smoking and diet- replaced by obesity
public health measures - quality of the environment
and other social changes eg; smaller families, greater public knowledge of illness, higher income, better lifestyle
statistics
males born in England are likely to live until they’re 50
what is the average age of the population in 2013
40.3
is immigration the movement out of a country
no,
immigration is the movement into a society, emigration is the movement out
what is net migration
this refers to the numbers of immigrants and emigrants
define the push and pull factors
push factors-this involves a force that acts to drive people away from a eg: poor services, poor medical care and jobs
pull factor : draws people to a new location eg: pay rise
ageism modernity and post modernity
negative stereotyping and mistreatment of older generations eg: discrimination in unemployment . ill treatment in healthcare
are older generations dependant on their family and state
yes, because they are excluded from paid work
what do postmodernists argue about in todays postmodern society?
stages of the life course has broken down eg: dressing styles etc
what is the difference between the middle class and the working class?
MC had occupational pensions because they had better jobs , better savings . WC are likely to have a lower life expectancy
improved nutrition : Thomas mc Kowen
argues that improved nutrition reduces the number of deaths from TB as it boosts the resistance to TB
medical improvements
medical knowledge has increased since the 1950s such as the introduction of the NHS, improved maternity services
smoking and diet
harper- a large reduction in the people who smoke has lead to a falling death rate
OBESITY HAS INCREASED
Public health measure s
gov and local councils have put in pblic health laws that has improved the environment and health
globalisation and migration
def globalisation : societies disappearing and becoming connected through national boundaries this could be a result of global media and global markets
what is acceleration?
united nations states that : international migration has increased by 33 %
differentiation
different sorts of migrants : temporary workers , refugees and asylum seekers , increases the diversity of migrant
what is the difference between citizens , denizens and helots ?
citizens : have full citizenship rights
Denizens : privileged foreign nationals
helots: most exploited, disposable unions of power
