Topic 4- Demography Flashcards
What increases the population?
Births and immigration
What decreases the population
Deaths and emigration
Number of births - number of deaths =
Natural change
Number immigrating - number emigrating =
Net migration
What is the birth rate?
Number of live births p/1000 p/year
When were the 3 baby booms (what decades)?
1910’s, 1940’s and 1960’s
When did the birth rate fall sharply (what decade)?
70s
What is the total fertility rate?
Average number of children a woman will have in her fertile years.
TFR was 2.95 during 60’s baby boom,
TFR was 1.63 in 2001,
TFR was 1.84 in 2006.
Why have the birth rate and total fertility rate gone down?
Because more women are remaining childless, and the average age to have a child is 30.
Which changes in a woman’s position have led to a fall in the birth rate? (Name at least 2)
-Increased educational opportunities
-More working women
-Easier access to divorce
-Access to abortion and contraception
Why has the infant mortality rate decreased?
Any of:
-Improved housing/ living conditions, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of hygiene and child health, health services.
Children in the 19th century used to be considered an economic asset. What are they considered as now in terms of economy?
An economic liability
Why are children now considered an economic liability?
Because laws have banned child labour, and because of changing norms about children’s rights to a high standard of living.
What is the term used to describe the shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’ in terms of children, focusing more on one child?
Child- centredness
What is the dependency ratio?
The relationship between the number of people working and the number of people not working.
How has the death rate fluctuated and gone up?
It went up during the 1918 flu epidemic, and the 2 world wars killed many.
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths p/1000 p/year.
Describe the changes in the death rate since the late 1800’s up to the 1950’s.
-Fell in 1870, continued to fall until 1930.
-Went up during 2 world wars and economic depression.
-It has declined since the 1950’s.
What led to the decline in the death rate after the 1950’s? (Try to name 2 things)
Any of:
-Improved nutrition
-Medical improvements
-Public health improvements
-Social changes
What is life expectancy?
How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live.
What was the life expectancy for men and women born in 1900?
Men- 50
Women- 57
What was the life expectancy for men and women born in 2005?
Men- 77
Women- 81
Why was life expectancy so low in 1900?
Because of the high infant mortality rate.
What are the 3 main reasons for the population ageing?
-Longer life expectancy
-Low infant mortality
-Declining fertility rate
What are the effects of the ageing population on the economy?
-They use public services more
-The dependency ratio goes up
What are the ‘push factors’ for emigrants?
Unemployment and recessions
What are the ‘pull factors’ for emigrants?
High wages and more job opportunities
What is the infant mortality rate?
The number of children that die before 1 year old p/1000 p/year
