Topic 4- Demography Flashcards
define immigration
- moving into a country
define emigration
- moving out of a country
define net migration
- difference between immigrants and emigrants in a country
what is the main reason for emigration
economic reasons
what are the names of the 2 types of factors that can make people emigrate or immigrate
- push factor
- pull factor
give 3 examples of push factors
- bad healthcare
- unemployment
- no access to education
- wars and conflict
give 3 examples of pull factors
- higher wages
- good quality healthcare
- high employment opportunities
what is natural increase
- where births exceeding deaths
how have immigrants directly lowered the average age of population
- they are generally younger
how have immigrants indirectly lowered the average age of population
- more fertile so have more babies
what are the 3 effects of immigration linking to the dependency ratio
- more likely to be working age so lowers dependency ratio
- but because they are younger they have more children to increases dependency ratio
- the longer a group settles the closer the fertility rate comes to national average so reduces impact on dependency ratio
what are the 3 trends in global migration
- acceleration
- differentiation
- feminisation of migration
explain acceleration of migration
and statistic
- rate of migration has increased
- between 2000 and 2013 migration increased by 33%
what is super diversity and who’s idea was it?
- steven vertovec
- migrants come from a wider range of countries
what are the 3 types of migrants and who identified them?
- robin cohen
- citizens
- denizens
- helots
what are citizens?
- full citizenship rights
what are denizens
- priveleged foreign nationals welcomes by the state
- billionaires or highly paid employees
what are helots?
- most exploited group
- states call them ‘disposable units of labour power’
- are in unskilled poorly paid work
explain feminisation of migration
and statistic
- almost half of all migrants are female
- called the globalisation of the gender division of labour
what are the 4 trends that have resulted in women from poor countries doing care, sex and domestic work in western ones and who recognised this?
- ehreneich and hochschild
- expansion of service occupations
- western women have joined labour force so less willing to do domestic labour
- western men unwilling to do domestic labour
- failure of state to provide adequate childcare
what are they called when someones identity is made up of multiple sources?
- hybrid identity
explain a hybrid identity and who recognised that?
- john eade
- identity made up of multiple sources
- for example bangladeshi muslims in england saw themselves as muslin then bengali then english
what is assimilationism
aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the customs of the host culture to make them more ‘like us’
example of shallow diversity
- regarding chicken tikka massala as britains national dish is acceptable
example of deep diversity
- arranged marriages or veiling of women is not acceptable to the state
what do the changes in fertility and birth rates reflect?
2
- more women are remaining childless than in the past
- women are postponing having children until later so produce fewer children as they are less fertile
what are the 4 reasons for a decline in birth rate?
- changes in women’s position
- decline in IMR
- children are now an economic liability
- child centredness
give examples of what changes have increased women’s position
5
- right ot vote
- more access to divorce
- more women in paid employment
- access to contraception
- better educational opportunities
what are the reasons that IMR fell in 20th century
4
- improved housing and sanitation
- better nutrition
- better knowledge of hygiene and child’s health
- improved post and pre natal services
what was the IMR in 1900 and 2023?
1900- 154
2023- 3
what 2 factors mean that children are an economic liability?
- laws- banning child labour and increasing the school leaving age
- changing norms- what children expect from parents have changed so want more expensive things
what is child centredness?
- when parents prefer to focus on one child
- quality over quantity approach
what are the 3 effects of changes in birthrate?
- the family
- dependency ratio
- public service and policies
how does the family change with birth rate?
- smaller families
- women more likely to work
- however some may work and have big families if they can afford it
how does decrease in birthrate affect the dependency ratio?
- decreases the burden of dependency
how are public services affected with change in birthrate?
- the need for schools and maternity wards change
- however instead of taking them away a polciy may come into place about reducing class sizes
what are the 4 reasons for decline in death rate
- improved nutrition
- medical improvements
- smoking and diet
- public health measures
who said that improved nutrition accounted for half the reduction in death rates
Mckeown 1972
what did McKeown say about nutrition?
- improved nutrition accounted for half the reduction in death rates
when did NHS get set up?
1948
what did harper say about smoking and death rates?
the reduction in smoking reduced death rates massively
what examples of public health measures helped reduce deaths?
4
- better ventilated houses
- purer water
- improved sewage
- clean air act
what was life expectancy for males and females in 1900 and 2023?
1900- 50 male 57 female
2024- 70 male 76 female
what 3 factors cause an ageing population?
- increased life expectancy
- declining IMR
- decline in fertility
what are the 3 affects of an ageing population?
- public services
- one person pensioner households
- dependency ratio
how are public services affected with an ageing population?
- use more health services
what statistic accounts for one person pensioner households?
- 1 in 8 of all households
what is the modernist belief of old people?
- old are excluded from paid work
- they are no use to capitalism
- they are dependant and powerless
what is a postmodernist belief of old age
- old people are blurring the lines and becoming more like young people
- they can choose lifestyles regardless of age
what does hirsch say about policies?
- social policies will have to change to tackle ageing population
- housing policies will have to change
