Topic 4 - Demography Flashcards
Why have birth rates fallen due to changes in the position of women?
Harper
Education of women is the main reason for falling birth rates, educated women are more likely to use family planning and see other possibilities in life beyond the traditional role as a housewife and a mother
Meaning they delay childbearing until they’v established a career, more likely to have children at older ages, likely to have less
Examples of how women’s position has changed in society
- Control over own fertility - access to abortion and reliable contraception so less unplanned pregnancies happen
- Change in attitudes - to family life/women’s role
Evidence to support the fall in birth rates - according to ONS
2023 —total fertility rate in England and Wales has fallen to its lowest record at 1.44 children per woman
Why has the infant mortality rate declined according to who?
Harper — Fallen because less children are being born, parents are no longer replacing children they’ve lost because the firstborns are now more likely to survive
Why has IMR fallen in the 20th century?
- Improved housing and sanitation - less spread of disease
- Better knowledge of hygiene and healthcare/welfare
- Better nutrition
How does a fall in birth rates impact the family
- dependency ratio
- Families having less children, the dependency ratio (working people : non working) is affected, less young adults, smaller working population, increasing the burden of dependency
What is the life expectancy for men and women according to ONS?
Between 2020-2022
78.6 years for males and 82.6 years for females
How has improved nutrition caused the birth rates to decline according to McKeown?
Improved nutrition accounts for up to 1/2 the reduction in death rates - better nutrition increased resistance to infection
How does a fall in birth rates impact the family
- public services
- Less need for schools and child health services and the cost of maternity and paternity leave would be affected
How does falling birth rates impact the family?
Smaller families means women have more freedom to go to work, resulting in more dual-earner households
How can McKeown be criticized?
He fails to explain why women get smaller portion sizes but live longer than males
How does death rate impact life expectancy? & ONS
It increases as people are living for longer
1900 - females lived to 57
2013 - live till 94
How is ageism influenced in modern society?
Philipson
The old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive, as a result the state is unwilling to support them and so the family, especially female relatives have to take responsibility for their care
How has ageism influenced postmodern society?
Hunt
We can choose any lifestyle and identity, regardless of our age; age no longer determines who we are or how we live
As a result, the old have become a market for a vast range of ‘body maintenance’ or ‘rejuvenation’ goods and services through which they create their identities such as cosmetic surgery, gym memberships & anti ageing products
Who many people are estimated to have migrated to England?
1.18 million in the year ending march 2023
1 in what amount of people are born outside the uk according to the 2021 census?
1 in 6 people in the uk are born outside the uk
How has globalisation led to ‘super diversity?’
Vertovec
globalisation has led to this because migrants now come from a much wider range of countries and ethnic groups
evaluation for vertovec’s findings?
India, Poland, Pakistan, Romania, and Ireland were the most common countries of birth among UK migrants in 2021/22 according to the migration observatory
Who distinguishes between 3 types of migrant?
Cohen
Citizens – with full citizenship (voting rights, access to benefits)
Denizens – are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state (billionaires, high paid employees from multinational companies)
Helots – (slaves) the most exploited group, states and employers regard them as a reserve army of labour, usually found in unskilled, poorly paid work
How has migration become feminised?
Ehrenreich & Hochschild
care work, sex work and domestic work in western countries such as the uk is increasingly done by women from poor countries, leads to several trends
1) western men are increasingly unwilling to perform domestic work
2) the state is unwilling to provide adequate childcare
3) western women have joined the labour force and are unable to perform domestic labour
Who supports the view that most care work is done by female migrants?
Shutes
40% of adult care nurses are migrants, most of which are women
How have some migrants formed hybrid identities?
Eade
Found that 2nd gen Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created a hierarchy of identities
Saw themselves as Muslim first, Bengali second and British last
