Topic 4: Demography Flashcards
Harper (Births)
-She says that the main reason for the decline in birth rates and fertility rates is the education of women.
-This has caused a change in mindset. Women now will be more open to delay childbearing, or not have children at all, because they want to prioritise their education and career.
-She also argues that a fall in IMR leads to a fall in birth rates because if many infants die, parents will have more children to replace those that have died
IMR (Infant Mortality Rates)
-In the 1900 the IMR was 154 per 1000 births. This means that 14% of babies died before their first birthday.
-This is higher than some current less developed countries. In Afghanistan in 2021 the IMR was 110. -In the 1950s, in the UK, this had fallen to 30 and by 2019 it had fallen to 4 , which is less than 3% of the 1900 statistics
Tranter (Death Rates)
-Over 3/4 of the decline in death rates from 1850-1970 is because of the fall in number of deaths from infectious diseases (eg. measles and turbeculosis) —-These were most common among the young and most of the decline in death rate was among infants, children and young adults.
-By the 1950 ‘diseases of affluence’ became the main cause of death (cancer and heart diseases) however these were most common among middle aged than the young
McKeown (Death rates)
Improved nutrition accounted for more than half of the decline in rates. This is because it improved resistance and gave higher survival chances of those already infected.
Harper (Death rates)
She argues that it wasn’t due to medical improvements that there was a fall in the number of death rates, but because of less people smoking
Walker
Argues that people living in poorer areas were expected to die 7 years earlier than those living in richer areas.
Hirsch (Age ‘Pyramid’)
The traditional age pyramid is disappearing, and instead is being replaced by blocks of different ages.
For example, by 2041 there will be as many 78 year olds as 5 year olds
Phillipson
The old are of no use to capitalism as they are no longer productive.
This means that the state is unwilling to support them, so the family has to take care of them, ussullay the woman who does this.
According to the Age Concern 2003 how many people reported suffering from age discrimination more than any other type of discrimination?
29%
Hirsch (Policy)
-Argues that a number of social policies will need to change in order to address the problems posed by an ageing population.
-The main problem will be how to finance a longer period of long age.
-This can be done by paying more in our savings and paying more taxes while we are working, or working for longer , or both.
- He also recognises that we need to begin cultural change if these policies do come into action and change our attitudes towards the old.
-He argues that the notion of old age is a social construct
Vertovec
-Since 1990s globalisation has led to ‘super-diversity, meaning that people now migrate from a wider range of countries
-Even within a single ethnic group, individuals differ in terms of legal status (eg. spouse or citizen)
-A given ethnic group may also be divided by religion or culture and across the UK
What are the 3 types of migrants that COHEN has discovered?
Citizens: full citizenship rights. eg vote and access to benefits
Denizens: privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state eg. billionaire ‘oligarchs’
Helots: most exploited group. state and employers view them as ‘disposable units of labour power’ they are often unskilled and in poorly paid work eg. domestic servants
According to Hochschild et al, who does the most care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries like the UK and USA?
women from poor countries
According to Shutes how many adult care nurses are migrants?
40%
Eade
Second Generation Bangladeshi Muslims have created hierarchical identities: see themselves as Muslim first, then Bengali , then British.
