Topic 4: Demography Flashcards
Reasons for the decline in birth and fertility rates (4)
Changes in women’s positions
Decline in infant mortality rate
Children as an economic liability
Access to abortion and reliable contraception
Reasons for the decrease in deaths (5)
Improved nutrition and diet
Medical improvements
Improved hygiene and sanitation
Laws and policies
Health education
What are the effects of the ageing population? (4)
Older people consume a large proportion of services, but many people still remain healthy and active.
Number of pensioners living alone has increased, mostly women because they live longer than men.
Dependency ratio
Ageism: the old are excluded from paid work making them economically dependent on families
Old age in a postmodern society gives them a greater choice on how they want to live their life.
Policy changes: older people need to buy smaller houses
What reasons could push people to migrate out of their country? (6)
Politics
Lack of jobs
High crime rates
War
Refugees
Poor living conditions
What reasons could pull people to migrate to another country? (3)
Job opportunities
Free healthycare
Better healthcare
What is the impact of migration on family and household structures (Asian)
Extended family with more traditional values meaning women are more oppressed.
Have more children which means the dependency ratio decreases.
What is the impact of migration on family and household structures (Caribbean)
Moved for works and jobs
Matriarchal households which shows more independence but lacks complete socialisation due to a lack of a father figure.
What is the impact of migration on family and household structures (Polish)
Brings down the age of population as a whole because most people are younger.
The dependency ratio can decrease and increase.
Vertovec - super-diversity
Migrants now come from a wide range of countries rather than just British colonies.
Cohen - three types of migrants in the UK
Citizens - those who have full citizenship rights
Denizens - privileges foreign nationals such as billionaires or highly paid employees.
Helots - Slaves/ exploited group of migrants who are often unskilled and are seen as disposable units of labour power.
Hybrid identities
people who indentify themselves as two or more identities. E.g: Britsh and Polish at the same time.
What would Marxists say about migration?
Migrants aren’t equally welcome, only higher classes are welcomed more than the working class.
What would feminists say about migration?
Women who come to the UK have to have children or they could be abused or work for other people. Women are exploited by men.
What would postmodernists say about migration?
They would say that it has led to diversity in the UK because it is your own choice and you can bring your own individualisation.
What are the positives of immigration? (4)
Brings different cultures
More likely to work
Tend to do certain jobs in the UK that people don’t want to do.
