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gcse geography > topic 4: changing cities > Flashcards

topic 4: changing cities Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urbanisation?

A

the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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2
Q

what are the causes of urbanisation?

A
  • rural-urban migration (movement of people from countryside 2 cities)
    because of economic change
  • natural increase
    birth rate higher than death rate
    young people move 2 cities, have children, increasing proportion of population
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3
Q

causes of urbanisation in developed countries?

A
  • highest rates happened during industrial revolution (ppl moved to cities 4 work)
  • proportion of ppl increased slowly, (counter urbanisation)
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4
Q

causes of urbanisation in developing countries?

push/pull factors

A
  • push factors: rural areas = poor, limited access 2 resources (electricity, water)
    increased mechanisation in farms, reduces no. of jobs available
  • pull factors: manufacturing moved 2 emerging countries
    labour costs = lower, less strict environmental, labour and planning laws
    more service jobs and manufacturing
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5
Q

what problems does urbanisation cause in developed countries?

A
  • demand 4 housing: house prices rise, workers w low incomes cannot afford 2 live near they work and ppl cannot afford to buy homes = poverty
  • overcrowding: high population, shortage of housing, lack of jobs
  • transport: good transport systems but increased no. of commuters put stress of transport networks, cause delays on buses/trains
  • services: access of healthcare/schools difficult
    waiting times 4 healthcare = long and ambulances delayed by traffic
    long waiting lists 4 schools, large size class
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6
Q

what social problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

A
  • social: overcrowding: not enough houses 4 everyone, ppl end up in squattler settlements (badly built, overcrowded, bad conditions)
  • infrastructure not built quickly: ppl don’t have access 2 basic services (e.g clean water, electricity, good sewers) leads to poor health
  • high levels of crime
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7
Q

what economic problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

A

economic: high levels of unemployment (lack of jobs)
- ppl work long hrs in dangerous conditions 4 little pay bc lots of ppl work in the informal sector (jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by government)
unable 2 develop skills needed 4 better jobs (may not access to education)

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8
Q

what environmental problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

A

environmental: waste disposal services, sewage systems, environmental regulations cannot keep pace w the growth:
- damages environmental: rubbish often isn’t collected and can end up in big rubbish heaps (can damage especially if its toxic)
- congestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, contributes 2 climate change (road system cannot cope w all the vehicles)
- sewage + toxic chemicals can get into rivers, destroying ecosystems and harming wildlife

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9
Q

what is the degree of urbanisation?

A

the amount of built up areas that has developed in an area

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10
Q

what factors affect the degree of urbanisation in the UK?

A

upland regions: sparsely populated, difficult to farm, few natural resources
e.g northern Scotland
lowland areas: most urban areas developed bc easy to build on and have milder climate than upland areas e.g Birmingham
costal areas: attracted human settlements esp. where there are river estuaries and sheltered bays suitable 4 building harbours: key ports e.g Liverpool and Cardiff have grown into major cities
mineral wealth: many UK cites developed on major coalfields e.g Newcastle, Leeds , led to rapid popuLation growth bc industries developed there

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11
Q

what is the rate of urbanisation?

A

the speed at which settlements are built

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12
Q

how does the rate of urbanisation vary across the UK?

slow and fast growth

A

slow growth: urban areas in North and West growing slowly, declining population e.g Blackpool
high job loses: decline of manufacturing industry impacted negatively
averages wages = lower, fewer employment opportunities
therefore ppl move away

fast growth: South and East of the UK growing rapidly e.g Cambridge, Milton Keynes
half of international migrants move to London/SE, increasing rate of urbanisation
growth of service and high tech industries; wealth increases, ppl have more money to spend on services, creating more jobs, attracting workers

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13
Q

what is the national context of the ldn?

A
  • SE of UK, in England
  • one of the major cities like Leeds and Manchester
  • located on a flat flood plain of the River Thames
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14
Q

what is the regional context of London?

A
  • NW of Europe
  • S of Iceland
  • N of France
  • SW of Norway and North Sea
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15
Q

what is the global context of London?

A

in N of Europe

  • W of Asia
  • N of Africa
  • E of North America
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16
Q

what is the definition of site?

A

the land that settlement is built on

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17
Q

what is an advantage of London’s site?

A
  • built on a flat floodplain

- easy to build homes and businesses on, next to thames, good water supply

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18
Q

what is the definition of situation?

A

where a settlement is compared to physical and human features around it

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19
Q

what is an advantage of London’s situation?

A

close to the north sea: beneficial for ports, trade from continental Europe, and tourism

20
Q

what is the definition of connectivity?

A

the way that a city is connected or lined to other settlements in the UK to other continents in the world

21
Q

explain the connectivity of London

A
  • few major airports e.g Heathrow airport and Gatwick airport: allows ppl to easily travel to any country in the world, advantage as ppl can travel 4 business and 4 leisure
  • excellent transport: major motorways all over London, London = centre of major rail and underground network e.g piccadilly line of underground links to Heathrow airport.
22
Q

city structure: what is the main function and features of CBD?

A

function: commercial
features: mix of new high-rise office block and historical building
land = expensive, building density = high
accessible transport links, congested
entertainment: pubs, cinemas, shopping centres

23
Q

city structure: what is the main function and features of the inner city?
give an example.

A

e.g Chelsea, Newham
function: low class/ high class residential
features: high density, mainly terraced houses, built in straight rows
mainly ethnic minorities, students, lower income groups
A: transport links, near to work in CBD
D: high unemployment, overcrowding, poor quality housing,
atmosphere pollution, high crime rates

24
Q

city structure: what is the main function and features of the suburbs?
give an example.

A

e.g Kingston upon Thames
function: middle class residential
features: semi-detached/detached housing
cleaner air, large areas of good quality of green space
low density, high quality housing
better quality of life

25
Q

city structure: what is the main function and features of the urban-rural fringe?
give an example.

A

function: high class residential
features: cheap land, large detached/semi-detached houses, surrounded by countryside
attractive environment, little pollution
e.g CrockenHill, Sevenoaks

function: industrial, commercial
features: industry includes oil refineries, manufacturing, container port
e. g thurrock

26
Q

urban change: what is suburbanisation?

how did it change London?

A

suburbanisation: the movement of ppl from the middle of the city to the edge
- occurred a lot in the 1930s to 60s
- urbanisation caused centre to be overcrowded, suburban areas offered more green spaces + more family friendly w shops restaurants schools, so ppl moved
- improvements in transport networks meant that ppl could live in suburbs and commute to city 4 work

27
Q

urban change: what is counter-urbanisation?

how did it change London?

A

counter-urbanisation: movement of ppl away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas

  • rural areas attracting ppl that want a better quality of life
  • increased car ownership + improved transport means ppl can live further from the city and commute to work
  • improved communication services makes it easy 4 people to work from home + companies no longer need to be in a city centre and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper
28
Q

urban change: what is re-urbanisation?

how did it change London?

A

re-urbanisation: movement of ppl back into urban areas

  • London docklands regenerated in 1990s 4 finance and business, attracted ppl back to the area
  • encourages other businesses 2 invest and canary wharf is home to many global banks e.g Barclays and media organisations
  • small businesses thriving, ppl have more money to spend in local shops
29
Q

what is migration?

A

migration: the movement of ppl from one place 2 another to live or work and due 2 push and pull factors

30
Q

a) what is national migration and what is a cause?

b) what is international migration and what is a cause?

A

national: movement of ppl 2 another place within a country
cause: to study or to work and London may be overcrowded

international: movement of ppl from one country 2 another with the intention of staying there for at least a year,
cause: move 2 get higher-paying jobs and more job opportunities

31
Q

what is emigration and what is immigration?

A

emigration: movement of ppl out a country
immigration: movement of ppl into a country

32
Q

what is the impact of migration on housing?

A

housing: high rate of immigration leads 2 overcrowding
poorer immigrations live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in inner city, more affordable
some areas = gentrified, wealthier ppl moved in and regenerated their houses

33
Q

what is the impact of migration on services?

A

services: immigration rate = high, increasing demand 4 services e.g education and health care
more children who need education and ppl that need to be treated
often amongst poorest parts of city: difficult 2 provide ppl w what they need

34
Q

what is the impact of migration on age structure?

A

age structure: most immigrants = working age, now high percentage of ppl aged 23-24 in inner city and a lower population of ppl over 65
national immigrants to London = aged 20-34
international immigrants = aged 16-34

35
Q

what are the characteristics of London’s population structure?

A

population of London = 8.6 mil in 2015
population decreased after 1939 bc of bombing in city during world war 2
young ppl in 20s-30s move to London 4 work/school, attracted by more job opportunities, entertainment
net migration: balance between migrants coming and leaving
reduces average age of population (immigrants = young, emigrants =old)

36
Q

what is de-industrialisation?

A

the decline of industrial activities in a region or in an economy

37
Q

what are the 4 main factors that caused de-industrialisation?

A

globalisation
de-centralisation
technological advances
developments in transport

38
Q

what is globalisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?

A

globalisation: when companies, lifetsyles and ideas have spread across the world
- e.g M&S now make clothes in India
- due to labour costs being lower, improvements in tech and transport links 4 goods

39
Q

what is de-centralisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?

A

de-centralisation: movement of ppl, factories and shops away from central point of authorities 2 suburban, edge of city locations or even another country
due to cheap labour n cheap land = able 2 make a profit and there r relaxed environmental laws
better transport links

40
Q

how did technological advances cause de-industrialisation?

A

new machinery made manufacturing processes more efficient so fewer ppl were needed 2 work
bc there is a growing demand 4 high tech products and new tech is often made in factories outside of city centre, meant that most businesses no longer needed to be in CBD

41
Q

how did developments in transport cause de-industrialisation?

A

made it easier 4 companies 2 locate part of their businesses e.g manufacturing in other countries and keep the headquarters in London.

42
Q

what are the negative social impacts of de-industrialisation?

A
  • decrease in local services e.g shops schools healthcare facilities as there weren’t enough ppl or money 2 support them
43
Q

what are the negative economic impacts of de-industrialisation?

A

mass unemployment due to decline of docks and manufacturing industries in London’s east end
20% of jobs were lost between 1966-1976 in dockland areas, leading to poverty and lower living standards
many families moved away from the area

44
Q

what are the negative environmental impacts of de-industrialisation?

A
  • many building left empty due to ppl moving away and derelict buildings were targets 4 grafitti n vandalisation
    many areas in docklands became rundown, many brownfield sites
45
Q

what are the positive social impacts of de-industrialisation?

A
  • new high tech industries located in business parks e.g Northern London business park
  • new industrial areas e.g crossways business parks, have been developed on the outskirts of London, providing jobs there
46
Q

what are the positive economic impacts of de-industrialisation?

A

many TNCs (transnational corporations e.g HSBC) locate their sales n marketing departments n headquarters in London bc of its importance as a financial centre

47
Q

what is some evidence of de-industrialisation?

A 
broken windows
derelict
overgrown plants
no industrial activity
no people

gcse geography (2 decks)

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