topic 4: changing cities Flashcards
what is urbanisation?
the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
what are the causes of urbanisation?
- rural-urban migration (movement of people from countryside 2 cities)
because of economic change - natural increase
birth rate higher than death rate
young people move 2 cities, have children, increasing proportion of population
causes of urbanisation in developed countries?
- highest rates happened during industrial revolution (ppl moved to cities 4 work)
- proportion of ppl increased slowly, (counter urbanisation)
causes of urbanisation in developing countries?
push/pull factors
- push factors: rural areas = poor, limited access 2 resources (electricity, water)
increased mechanisation in farms, reduces no. of jobs available - pull factors: manufacturing moved 2 emerging countries
labour costs = lower, less strict environmental, labour and planning laws
more service jobs and manufacturing
what problems does urbanisation cause in developed countries?
- demand 4 housing: house prices rise, workers w low incomes cannot afford 2 live near they work and ppl cannot afford to buy homes = poverty
- overcrowding: high population, shortage of housing, lack of jobs
- transport: good transport systems but increased no. of commuters put stress of transport networks, cause delays on buses/trains
- services: access of healthcare/schools difficult
waiting times 4 healthcare = long and ambulances delayed by traffic
long waiting lists 4 schools, large size class
what social problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?
- social: overcrowding: not enough houses 4 everyone, ppl end up in squattler settlements (badly built, overcrowded, bad conditions)
- infrastructure not built quickly: ppl don’t have access 2 basic services (e.g clean water, electricity, good sewers) leads to poor health
- high levels of crime
what economic problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?
economic: high levels of unemployment (lack of jobs)
- ppl work long hrs in dangerous conditions 4 little pay bc lots of ppl work in the informal sector (jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by government)
unable 2 develop skills needed 4 better jobs (may not access to education)
what environmental problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?
environmental: waste disposal services, sewage systems, environmental regulations cannot keep pace w the growth:
- damages environmental: rubbish often isn’t collected and can end up in big rubbish heaps (can damage especially if its toxic)
- congestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, contributes 2 climate change (road system cannot cope w all the vehicles)
- sewage + toxic chemicals can get into rivers, destroying ecosystems and harming wildlife
what is the degree of urbanisation?
the amount of built up areas that has developed in an area
what factors affect the degree of urbanisation in the UK?
upland regions: sparsely populated, difficult to farm, few natural resources
e.g northern Scotland
lowland areas: most urban areas developed bc easy to build on and have milder climate than upland areas e.g Birmingham
costal areas: attracted human settlements esp. where there are river estuaries and sheltered bays suitable 4 building harbours: key ports e.g Liverpool and Cardiff have grown into major cities
mineral wealth: many UK cites developed on major coalfields e.g Newcastle, Leeds , led to rapid popuLation growth bc industries developed there
what is the rate of urbanisation?
the speed at which settlements are built
how does the rate of urbanisation vary across the UK?
slow and fast growth
slow growth: urban areas in North and West growing slowly, declining population e.g Blackpool
high job loses: decline of manufacturing industry impacted negatively
averages wages = lower, fewer employment opportunities
therefore ppl move away
fast growth: South and East of the UK growing rapidly e.g Cambridge, Milton Keynes
half of international migrants move to London/SE, increasing rate of urbanisation
growth of service and high tech industries; wealth increases, ppl have more money to spend on services, creating more jobs, attracting workers
what is the national context of the ldn?
- SE of UK, in England
- one of the major cities like Leeds and Manchester
- located on a flat flood plain of the River Thames
what is the regional context of London?
- NW of Europe
- S of Iceland
- N of France
- SW of Norway and North Sea
what is the global context of London?
in N of Europe
- W of Asia
- N of Africa
- E of North America
what is the definition of site?
the land that settlement is built on
what is an advantage of London’s site?
- built on a flat floodplain
- easy to build homes and businesses on, next to thames, good water supply
what is the definition of situation?
where a settlement is compared to physical and human features around it
what is an advantage of London’s situation?
close to the north sea: beneficial for ports, trade from continental Europe, and tourism
what is the definition of connectivity?
the way that a city is connected or lined to other settlements in the UK to other continents in the world
explain the connectivity of London
- few major airports e.g Heathrow airport and Gatwick airport: allows ppl to easily travel to any country in the world, advantage as ppl can travel 4 business and 4 leisure
- excellent transport: major motorways all over London, London = centre of major rail and underground network e.g piccadilly line of underground links to Heathrow airport.
city structure: what is the main function and features of CBD?
function: commercial
features: mix of new high-rise office block and historical building
land = expensive, building density = high
accessible transport links, congested
entertainment: pubs, cinemas, shopping centres
city structure: what is the main function and features of the inner city?
give an example.
e.g Chelsea, Newham
function: low class/ high class residential
features: high density, mainly terraced houses, built in straight rows
mainly ethnic minorities, students, lower income groups
A: transport links, near to work in CBD
D: high unemployment, overcrowding, poor quality housing,
atmosphere pollution, high crime rates
city structure: what is the main function and features of the suburbs?
give an example.
e.g Kingston upon Thames
function: middle class residential
features: semi-detached/detached housing
cleaner air, large areas of good quality of green space
low density, high quality housing
better quality of life
city structure: what is the main function and features of the urban-rural fringe?
give an example.
function: high class residential
features: cheap land, large detached/semi-detached houses, surrounded by countryside
attractive environment, little pollution
e.g CrockenHill, Sevenoaks
function: industrial, commercial
features: industry includes oil refineries, manufacturing, container port
e. g thurrock
urban change: what is suburbanisation?
how did it change London?
suburbanisation: the movement of ppl from the middle of the city to the edge
- occurred a lot in the 1930s to 60s
- urbanisation caused centre to be overcrowded, suburban areas offered more green spaces + more family friendly w shops restaurants schools, so ppl moved
- improvements in transport networks meant that ppl could live in suburbs and commute to city 4 work
urban change: what is counter-urbanisation?
how did it change London?
counter-urbanisation: movement of ppl away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas
- rural areas attracting ppl that want a better quality of life
- increased car ownership + improved transport means ppl can live further from the city and commute to work
- improved communication services makes it easy 4 people to work from home + companies no longer need to be in a city centre and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper
urban change: what is re-urbanisation?
how did it change London?
re-urbanisation: movement of ppl back into urban areas
- London docklands regenerated in 1990s 4 finance and business, attracted ppl back to the area
- encourages other businesses 2 invest and canary wharf is home to many global banks e.g Barclays and media organisations
- small businesses thriving, ppl have more money to spend in local shops
what is migration?
migration: the movement of ppl from one place 2 another to live or work and due 2 push and pull factors
a) what is national migration and what is a cause?
b) what is international migration and what is a cause?
national: movement of ppl 2 another place within a country
cause: to study or to work and London may be overcrowded
international: movement of ppl from one country 2 another with the intention of staying there for at least a year,
cause: move 2 get higher-paying jobs and more job opportunities
what is emigration and what is immigration?
emigration: movement of ppl out a country
immigration: movement of ppl into a country
what is the impact of migration on housing?
housing: high rate of immigration leads 2 overcrowding
poorer immigrations live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in inner city, more affordable
some areas = gentrified, wealthier ppl moved in and regenerated their houses
what is the impact of migration on services?
services: immigration rate = high, increasing demand 4 services e.g education and health care
more children who need education and ppl that need to be treated
often amongst poorest parts of city: difficult 2 provide ppl w what they need
what is the impact of migration on age structure?
age structure: most immigrants = working age, now high percentage of ppl aged 23-24 in inner city and a lower population of ppl over 65
national immigrants to London = aged 20-34
international immigrants = aged 16-34
what are the characteristics of London’s population structure?
population of London = 8.6 mil in 2015
population decreased after 1939 bc of bombing in city during world war 2
young ppl in 20s-30s move to London 4 work/school, attracted by more job opportunities, entertainment
net migration: balance between migrants coming and leaving
reduces average age of population (immigrants = young, emigrants =old)
what is de-industrialisation?
the decline of industrial activities in a region or in an economy
what are the 4 main factors that caused de-industrialisation?
globalisation
de-centralisation
technological advances
developments in transport
what is globalisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?
globalisation: when companies, lifetsyles and ideas have spread across the world
- e.g M&S now make clothes in India
- due to labour costs being lower, improvements in tech and transport links 4 goods
what is de-centralisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?
de-centralisation: movement of ppl, factories and shops away from central point of authorities 2 suburban, edge of city locations or even another country
due to cheap labour n cheap land = able 2 make a profit and there r relaxed environmental laws
better transport links
how did technological advances cause de-industrialisation?
new machinery made manufacturing processes more efficient so fewer ppl were needed 2 work
bc there is a growing demand 4 high tech products and new tech is often made in factories outside of city centre, meant that most businesses no longer needed to be in CBD
how did developments in transport cause de-industrialisation?
made it easier 4 companies 2 locate part of their businesses e.g manufacturing in other countries and keep the headquarters in London.
what are the negative social impacts of de-industrialisation?
- decrease in local services e.g shops schools healthcare facilities as there weren’t enough ppl or money 2 support them
what are the negative economic impacts of de-industrialisation?
mass unemployment due to decline of docks and manufacturing industries in London’s east end
20% of jobs were lost between 1966-1976 in dockland areas, leading to poverty and lower living standards
many families moved away from the area
what are the negative environmental impacts of de-industrialisation?
- many building left empty due to ppl moving away and derelict buildings were targets 4 grafitti n vandalisation
many areas in docklands became rundown, many brownfield sites
what are the positive social impacts of de-industrialisation?
- new high tech industries located in business parks e.g Northern London business park
- new industrial areas e.g crossways business parks, have been developed on the outskirts of London, providing jobs there
what are the positive economic impacts of de-industrialisation?
many TNCs (transnational corporations e.g HSBC) locate their sales n marketing departments n headquarters in London bc of its importance as a financial centre
what is some evidence of de-industrialisation?
broken windows derelict overgrown plants no industrial activity no people
