topic 4 Flashcards
define hazard?
a potential source of harm or danger
define risk?
the liklihood of harm occurring
Why are risk assessments conducted?
to ensure experiments are conducted safely
what are some ways of reducing risk in organic chemistry?
take specific precautions
work in a smaller scale
define homologous series?
a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and general formula
what is a homolytic fission?
each atom gets one electron from th broken bond
which produces free radicals
what is a heterolytic fission?
one atom gets both electrons forming ions
produces a cation
define free radical?
species with an unpaired electron making it highly reactive
define electrophile?
a species that accepts an electron pair to form a bond
What is an alkane?
saturated hydrocarbon
what is the general formula for cycloalkane?
CₙH₂ₙ
What is structural isomerism?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
What is the order of fractional distillation?
Refinery gases
Petrol (Gasoline)
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen
What is cracking?
converting long chains into smaller ones
What pollutants come from alkane fuels?
carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxids
sulfur dioxide
Why do you need alternative fuels?
finite supply of crude oil
reduces co2 emission
lower pollution
What is the complete combustion equation?
CH4+ 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
What is the equation for incomplete combustion?
2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O
What are alkenes?
unsaturated hydrocarbons
What is the general formula for cycloalkenes?
CₙH₂ₙ - 2
What is cis (z)?
same groups on the same side
What is TANS (e)?
same group on opposite sides
What does hydrogenation do?
converts an alkene to alkane
What is the catalyst and conditions for hydrogenation?
catalyst: nickel
conditions: 150°C high pressure
What are the conditions and catalyst for hydration?
catalyst: phosphoric acid
conditions: 300°C 60atm
What is the test for alkenes?
bromine water
from orange to colourless
What is a problem with polymers?
plastics are non-biodegradable
What is a solution to problems with polymers?
1) biodegradable polymers
2) toxic waste removal before being released
