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Geo > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a settlement?

A

A place where a group of people live.

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2
Q

A settlement is a place where

A
  1. A group of people live.
  2. An infrastructure exists.
  3. Buildings occur.
  4. Social and economic activities happen.
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3
Q

What is a site?

A

It is the actual place where a settlement grew.

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4
Q

Factors that can influence the site of a settlement

A
  1. Physical factors: availability of resources Water
  2. Economic factors: availability of valuable materials that can be mined
  3. Trade and transport factors: availability of natural harbours crossing point to large river
  4. Cultural or social factors: new towns built from existing towns Improve living condition, attract light industries to create jobs, and build a road network for easy traffic flow and easy access to schools, clinics and other facilities
  5. Political factors: government make new settlements due to the need of housing.
  6. Historical factors: Some settlements need defensive sites to protect them from invaders.
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5
Q

What is situation

A

The relationship between the settlement and the surrounding region For example, soil, climate, other settlements, geology, and vegetation

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6
Q

What are rural settlements?

A

A small settlement with a small population involved in primary activities; unifunctional.
(Farming, mining, fishing, forestry)

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7
Q

What are urban settlements?

A

A large settlement with a large population involved in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities; multifunctional.
secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (trade, transport, education, service, administration), Quaternary (law, finance, media, research, IT)

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8
Q

Settlement sizes

A

Small: isolated farmstead, hamlet, vilage.
Large: town, city.
Largest: Metropolis, conurbation, megalopolis.

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9
Q

Land use

A

Urban: density, great variety, and mixture of land use.
Rural: Widely spaced, land use is one or two activities.

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10
Q

Size and complexity of settlements

A

Isolated farmstead: The smallest, least complex settlement involving primary activities.
Hamlet: A loose grouping of a few farmsteads involving primary activities.
Vilage: A denser grouping of many farmsteads involving primary activities.
Town: A densely populated urban area with a more complex infrastructure and varied economic activities.
City: A large urban area where many people live and work.
Conurbation: A large urban area formed by the growth and coalescence of a number of towns and cities.
Metropolis: A main city in a region that is surrounded by dependent towns. Megalopolis: A gigantic urban complex formed when a number of cornurbations join to form the most complex settlement with regards to economic activities, population, and infrastructure.

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11
Q

Nucleated pattern

A

Settlement dwellings for a dense grouping of buildings.

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12
Q

Dispersed pattern

A

Settlement dwellings are isolated and spaced far apart from each other.

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13
Q

Function

A

The reasons for, or purpose of, a settlement’s existence; the way in which people who live there make a living

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14
Q

Wet-point sites

A

When the location of the settlement site is determined entirely by the presence of water source. Especially in a dry areas, as water is needed for daily and is heavy to transport.

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15
Q

Dry-point sites

A

A settlement site that is chosen in an attempt to avoid water because of the danger of flooding. This is relevant in many wet areas.

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16
Q

Physical factors that influence the location of rural settlements

A

Availability of a reliable fresh water system
Water avoidance.
Farming Factors.
Availability of building materials and energy resources
The positive effects of microclimates - slope aspect, inversions, and wind protection.
Relief.

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17
Q

Economic factors that influence the location of rural settlements

A

Fertile, well-drained soil, grazing land
A natural harbour, close to fishing
Tourist attraction lead to development

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18
Q

Settlement shape

A

The shape formed by the buildings in the settlement

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19
Q

Common settlement shapes

A

Round or circular, linear, crossroads and T-shaped

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20
Q

Rural land use

A

What the land is used for

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21
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Farming to produce food for the family

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22
Q

Commercial farming

A

Farming for a profit

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23
Q

Rural urban migration

A

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas

24
Q

Rural depopulation

A

The decline in population of a rural area

25
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion or percentage of people living in towns
26
Selective outward migration
Migration of any age group
27
Ageing population
Only older members of a population remain in an area
28
Obstacles faced by rural-urban migrants
Distance, lack of capital, travel costs, illiteracy, misinformation, and a new lifestyle
29
Service centre
Small rural towns that provide services to the surrounding rural community.
30
Consequences of rural depopulation
Resources in rural areas are not used to develop the economy. Spending in the smaller service centers decreases as local farmers leave the farms. Services in the smaller centres close down Young men are the first to migrate; women, children, and the elderly remain. Crime (farm murders increase) Unemployment increases. Properties have a low value. Tertiary services are below standard. The cycle of rural decline and decay sets in.
31
Rural decay
The effect of rural depopulation
32
Communal tenure system
Land owned by the community. and the people who live on it have a right to farm that land.
33
Sustainable rural development strategies
A plan of action that can be maintained and continued into the future
34
Rural development
The growth and expansion of rural areas
35
Land reform
Changing the existing structure of land tenure; breaking up large estates; and redistributing the land.
36
Social Justice
The idea that all individuals are entitled to satisfy basic human needs
37
Rural land reform
People are given security of land tenure, including communal land ownership and informal ownership of land by farm workers and labor tenants.
38
Rural settlement issues and associated problems
Lack of arable land, depopulation of rural villages, towns, and isolated farms, social injustice, lack of capital and investments, limited infrastructure, unemployment, uneven rural population distribution, lack of services, land reform, soil erosion and overgrazing, droughts and floods, poverty, and malnutrition
39
Rural economic development is hindered because of
Remote location, small settlements, expensive services and products such as foodstuffs and transport, limited access and high costs of public transport, road-transport limitations experienced by large scale commercial farmers.
40
Land tenure
The legal right to use land
41
Rural land redistribution
Land is allocated to disadvantaged and poor people for settlement and farming
42
Labour tenants
People who exchange their labour for use of the land on the farm
43
rural land restitution
Land that was forcibly removed from people under apartheid law is given back to those people. Claims are lodged with the Land Claims Court, where the outcome is decided.
44
Urbanisation
The process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population is concentrated in urban areas is called urbanization.
45
Urban growth
An increase in the number of people living in urban areas
46
Level of urbanisation
The number of people who live in urban settlements expressed as a percentage of the total population
47
Rate of urbanisation
The pace at which urbanisation takes place
48
Location
Where a place is situated; the exact position of a place
49
Tertiary (Activities)
Also called 'Services', for example, retail, banking, education, transportation, and medical.
50
Quaternary (Activities)
The collection, analysis and transmission of information, for example media, research and IT
51
Secondary (Activities)
Manufacturing and industry
52
Primary (Activities)
Farming, mining, fishing, forestry, and hunting
53
Accessible
The ease with which a place or location can be reached from other places or locations
54
Aerotropolis
Settlement close to a major airport with infrastructure and economic activities linked to the airport
55
Types of settlements according to function
1. Central places: urban settlements that are accessible and provide goods and services to the surrounding population. 2. Trade and Transport: urban settlements that were established due to trade and transportation 3. Break-of-bulk points: These settlements are established at a point where one mode of transport is changed for another and/or where the volume of goods being handled is reduced in volume. 4. Specialised cities: towns and cities that specialise in a particular activity, for example, vehicle manufacturing, IT, tourism, or mining. 5. Junction Towns: urban settlements that develop at important transport junctions, such as river crossings and railway and load junctions. 6. Gateway towns or gap towns: Urban settlements located at physical 'gap' (space), such as a pass through a mountain range that enables a road or railway line to pass through, or at a 'gateway' (entrance) to the interior.

Geo (3 decks)

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