Topic 4 Flashcards
What are the functions of bones?
- Protection and Support
- Movement (skeletal muscles + bone = movement)
- Hematopoiesis (Formation of new blood cells)
- Storage of mineral and energy reserves (calcium and fat)
What are the five connective tissues the bone contains?
- Bone
-Blood (for nutrients and transport)
-Cartilage
-Fat (loose adipose)
-Ligaments/Tendons (mostly dense regular)
Why is the extracellular matrix sturdy and rigid?
Sturdy and rigid because of mineral deposits. (ex. Calcium)
what is a compact bone?
- 1 out of the two major parts
-solid and relatively dense
-external surfaces of long and flat bones
(more support more compact)
what’s is a spongy bone?
-1 out of the two major parts of the bone
-open lattice of narrow plates called trabecular
-internal surface of bones
(inner part of the bone, lots of empty spaces for things to be inside.)
long bones?
- bones with greater width than length
(provides strength and structure)
short bones?
bones with nearly equal width and length
- more cube shaped, ex: ankles, wrist
flat bones?
thin surfaces
-surrounds the brain and forms the skull
-consists of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between the two layers of compact bone.
irregular bones?
complex shapes
ex, vertebra
Long bones : Epiphysis?
- knobby, enlarged regions at each end
-strengthens joints
-attachment site for tendons and ligaments
(found on either end of a long bone)
Long bones : Diaphysis?
Elongated, cylindrical shaft
Long bones : Metaphysis?
-region between diaphysis and epiphysis (in between either ends)
-contains epiphyseal (growth) plate (cells where bone is actively growing)
Periosteum?
- connective tissue
-covers external surfaces of bone (except articular cartilage)
-acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
Endosteum?
- end = inside, within
-covers most internal surfaces of bone
Cells of bone : Osteoprogenitor cells
- stem cells (cells that’s not completely differentiated)
Cells of bone : osteoblasts
blasts = build (secretes bone)
Cells of bone : osteocytes
- detect mechanical stress on a bone (maintains the bone tissue, heals the bone)
Cells of bone : osteoclasts
- Clasts = bone dissolvers (breaks down the bone tissue.)
-release Ca++
Tuberosity?
Large rounded projection; may be roughened (for attachment of the muscle)
Crest?
Narrow ridge of the bone; usually large
Trochanter?
very large, blunt, irregularly shapes process (the only examples are on the femur)
Line?
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than crest
Tubercle?
small rounded projection or process
epicondyle?
raised area on or above a condyle
Spine?
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Process?
any bony prominence
Appendicular skeleton?
- bones of upper and lower limbs
- allows us to move
- girdles : bones to which attach these limbs to axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle (Shoulder Girdle)?
- Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs.
-Comprised of clavicle and scapula.
Clavicle?
- the collarbone
-S-shaped, long bone
- acromial (lateral) end articulates with scapula
- sternal (medial) end : articulates with sternum
Scapula?
- (shoulder blade)
- Broad, flat triangle
Glenoid cavity?
- Articulates with the humerus (forms the shoulder joint)
Scapula : Posterior?
- Spine = bony ridge, (its in your back)
Scapula : Lateral?
- Acromion process (Muscle + ligament attachment)
Scapula : Anterior?
- Coracoid process
- (also from muscle and ligament attachment)
- (named after acromion process)
Three parts of the upper limb?
- Humerus (Brachium = arm)
- Radius and ulna (Antebrachium = forearm)
- Carpals, metacarpal, phalanges
What are the 3 Humerus : proximal features?
- Head (Articulates with the scapula, specifically the glenoid cavity)
- Greater tubercle (forms the rounded shoulder contour)
- Intertubercular sulcus (passage of biceps bracii, tendon, and muscles.
What are 2 Humerus : Distal features?
- Deltoid tuberosity (attachment of the deltoid muscles)
- Medial and lateral (epicondyles) = just above the joint. (Muscle and ligament attachment)
Radius and Ulna, what are they and the anatomical positions?
- bones of the forearm
-radius = more lateral
-ulna = more medial
3 Parts of the radius?
- Head : articulates articulates with the humerus (forms the joint)
- Radial tuberosity : attachment of biceps brachii
- Styloid process : Lateral “wrist bump”
2 parts of the ulna?
- Olecranon : forms elbow “bump”, attachment of the triceps brachii
Styloid process: posteromedial “wrist bump”
Metacarpals and Phalanges
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