Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

module 3 > topic 3.1 > Flashcards

topic 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the immune system?

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a foreign substance that simulates an immune response and generates antibody production

A

antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with an antigen

A

antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a gland located in superior mediastinum, it is the site of maturations of T lymphocytes

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

contain many lmyphocytes, they filter body fluids, remove foreign matter and generate immune responses

A

lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

disorders resulting from an overactive immune system that fails to recognise ‘self’

A

autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

specialised lymphocytes produced and matured in bone marrow, they are precursor to plasma and memory cells

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

specialised lymphocytes produced by the bone marrow and matured in the thymus, which is responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

white blood cells for phagocytosis, an innate defence, they are active in inflammation

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

white blood cells, they bind IgE and also release histamines

A

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

white blood cells, they participate in allergic responses and defence against parasites

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

white blood cells, they migrate from the blood into tissues to become macrophages

A

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

phagocytes, they process and present antigens to lymphocytes for the immune response

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

found within connective tissue, they release chemical mediators such as histamines

A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

develop from B lymphocytes to produce and secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

they destroy antigens, cancer cells and virus cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the purpose of cytotoxic T cells?

A

to destroy antigens, cancer cells and virus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

remembers antigens and quickly stimulates an immnue response

A

memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

activates B and T cells, also controls or limits the specific immune response

A

helper T cells

20
Q

part of the innate immune system, they destroy foreign cells, virus infected cells and cancer cells

A

natural killer cells

21
Q

a generic term for any cell responsible for engulfing pathogens, waste material and foreign bodies

A

phagocytes

22
Q

condition of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen

A

immunity

23
Q

a state where the immune system is unable to fight infection

A

immunodeficiency

24
Q

agents used to reduce an immune response

A

immunosuppressants

25
Q

a type of acquired immunity in which antibodies play the dominant role

A

humoral immunity

26
Q

a type of acquired immunity in which T cells play the dominant role

A

cell-mediated injury

27
Q

define innate immunity

A

includes all anatomical structures and processes that:
- prevent entry of damaging substances
- response non-specifically to damaging substance that has entered body

28
Q

what is the body’s first line of defence?

A

the skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, etc.

29
Q

how does temperature provide a barrier to pathogens?

A

by inducing a fever, as this inhibits the growth of some pathogens and boost immune function

30
Q

what are interferons (INF)?

A

an antiviral substance, helps prevent spread of virus

31
Q

what is complement?

A

a cascade of plasma proteins that is effective against bacteria

32
Q

how does complement work?

A
  • increases inflammation by activating basophils, mast cells + the attraction of neutrophils and macrophages
  • eliminates immune complexes
  • induces cytolysis by forming MAC transmembrane protein
33
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

is capable of recognising + selectively eliminating specific dangerous substances

34
Q

what are the 4 main characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. antigenic specificity
  2. diversity
  3. immunologic memory
  4. self/non-self recognition
35
Q

what are the 3 types of antigens?

A
  1. foreign (come from pathogens)
  2. tumour (proteins on tumour cells)
  3. self-antigens (antigens on our own cells)
36
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
  1. IgD
  2. IgE
  3. IgM
  4. IgA
  5. IgG
37
Q

what percentage are the 5 classes of antiodies found in the body?

A
  1. IgD - 1
  2. IgE - <1
  3. IgM - 6
  4. IgA - 13
  5. IgG - 70-80
38
Q

where are the 5 classes of antibodies located?

A
  1. IgD - bound to surface of B cells
  2. IgE - bound to mast cells + basophils
  3. IgM - involved in early humoral immunity
  4. IgA- mucous membrane secretions
  5. IgG - main antibody in humoral immunity
39
Q

what are the 3 main ways that antibodies work to neutralise/remove damaging substances?

A
  1. opsonisation - antibodies coat pathogen, enhance phagocytosis
  2. complement fixation - antibodies coat pathogen, sigal 4 blood complement system to destroy pathogen
  3. neutralisation - antibodies coat pathogen, prevents it from replicating + interacting
40
Q

what does the B cell response most effectively fight against?

A

pathogens that are extracellular, such as bacteria

41
Q

explain process of humoral response (B cell response)

A
  1. antigen enters body, B cells that recognise antigen get cloned
  2. these B cells need activation by helper T cells
  3. activated B cells divide = large population of specific B cell
  4. most will differentiate into plasma cells, small amount will -> memory B cells to rpovide long-term memory against antigen
42
Q

what are Th cells?

A
  • helper T cells
  • they express surface protein called CD4 so they also called CD4 T cells
43
Q

what are Tc cells?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • they express protein called CD8, so they also referred to as CD8 Tc cells
44
Q

what is the main role of CD8/Tc cells?

A

to destroy virus or tumour infected cells

45
Q

what is the main role of CD4/Th cells?

A

to activate B cells or Tc cells

46
Q

what are antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

A

phagocytes that display phagocytosed pathogens on their membrane

47
Q

what do antigen presenting cells (APCs) do?

A
  • once displaying the antigen, they move to local lymph node to present antigen to T cells
  • this activates the T cells in local lymph node and can cause swelling and tenderness of this node

module 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions