Topic 3 -Respiration, Gas Exchange + Breathing Flashcards
State the levels of organisation
Organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism
What are organelles? + example
Part of the cell with a particular function
e.g. mitochondria
What are cells?
The basic structural unit of living organisms
What are tissues? + example
A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function
e.g. muscle tissue- contracts, bringing movement
What is an organ?
A collection of different tissues working together to perform a particular function
What is an organ system? + examples
A group of organs that carry out a specific function
e.g. nervous system, reproductive system etc.
What is an organism?
All organ systems working together in a living ‘thing’
What does ATP provide?
Energy for cells
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and animals?
glucose —> lactic acid (+energy)
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms?
glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
What is the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms?
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O
Which type of respiration uses oxygen?
Aerobic
Which type of respiration produces water + carbon dioxide?
Aerobic
Which type of respiration releases more energy per glucose molecule?
Aerobic
Which type of respiration releases less energy per glucose molecule?
Anaerobic
Which type of respiration contributes to muscle tiredness?
Anaerobic
Which type of respiration produces lactic acid?
Anaerobic
Which type of respiration does not break down glucose properly?
Anaerobic
What is ATP?
Energy carrying molecule used in cells
How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange? 5
Many rounded sacs - large surface area to volume ratio
One cell thick - minimises diffusion distance
Ventilation - steeper concentration gradient
Good blood supply - maintains concentration gradient for diffusion
Moisture layer - helps diffusion as gases dissolve
What is in the thorax (just breathing system)?
Ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membranes, lungs
What are the ribs?
Bone structure that protects internal organs
What are the intercostal mucles?
Muscles between the ribs which control their movement causing inhalation and exhalation
What is the diaphragm?
Sheet of connective tissue and muscle that helps change the volume of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation
A thin sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen
What is the trachea?
Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs
What is the larynx?
When air passes through here we are able to make sounds
What are the bronchi?
Large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus for each lung
What are the bronchioles?
Bronchi split into smaller tubes called bronchioles in the lungs connected to alveoli
What are the alveoli?
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
What is the pleural cavity?
The fluid filled space between the pleural membranes which reduces friction and allows the lungs to move freely
What does nicotine do through smoking?
Narrows blood vessels and increases heart rate leading to increased blood pressure
–> high blood pressure that leads to blood clots forming in arteries, potentially resulting in heart attack or stroke
What does carbon monoxide do through smoking?
Binds irreversible to haemoglobin, reducing the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
–> breathing frequency needs to increase to supply the same amount of oxygen
–> the heart needs to pump blood faster raising blood pressure and increasing risk of coronary heart disease and stroke
What is tar + what does it contribute to?
A carcinogen linked to increased chances of cancerous cells developing in the lungs
Contributes to COPD which occurs when chronic bronchitis and emphysema occur
What does tar physically do through smoking?
Stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge and produce more mucus
–> mucus builds up blocking the smallest bronchioles and leading to infections, the buildup of mucus can result in damage to the cilia preventing them from beating and removing the mucus
What is emphysema?
When the smoke from smoking damages the alveoli walls, they burst and fuse together reducing the surface area for gaseous exchange
Label diagram of thorax
Done
How does Emphysema develop?
Phagocytes that enter the lungs release elastase (an enzyme that breaks down the elastic fibres in the alveoli)
The alveoli become less elastic and cannot stretch, so many burst
The breakdown of alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange
What happens to Emphysema patients and what do they need to stay alive?
They become breathless and wheezy and may need a supply of constant oxygen
What is coronary heart disease?
A condition where the blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked.
What is the process when breathing in?
Intercostal muscles: contract
Ribs move : up
Diaphragm muscles : contract
Diaphragm : lowers
Volume of chest : increases
Pressure in the chest : decreases
Air pressure in the lungs is __ than the atmospheric pressure: lower
Air rushes __ of the lungs: in
What is the process when breathing out?
Intercostal muscles: relax
Ribs move : down
Diaphragm muscles: relax
Diaphragm: raises
Volume of chest: decreases
Pressure in the chest :increases
Air pressure in the lungs is _ than the atmospheric pressure: greater
Air rushes _ of the lungs: out
How is the Epidermal tissue adapted for gas exchange?
Covers the plant and protects it
Transparent so allows light to pass through to the palisade layer
Label a plant tissue
Done
How is the waxy cuticle adapted for gas exchange?
Waterproofs the surface to reduce water loss
How is the Palisade mesophyll adapted for gas exchange?
Where most photosynthesis occurs as cells contain many chloroplasts. Cells are found near the top of the leaf and are elongated to absorb as much light as possible.
How is the Spongy mesophyll adapted for gas exchange?
Irregular shaped cells so have large air spaces, which creates a large surface area. This allows gases to diffuse easily and quickly from stomata to palisade layer. Contains some chloroplasts so some photosynthesis occurs.
How is the guard cells adapted for gas exchange?
Open and lose the stomata to control water loss
How is the stomata adapted for gas exchange?
Pore where carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf and oxygen can diffuse out
How is the xylem adapted for gas exchange?
Transports water and minerals from the roots to leaves and stems
How is the phloem adapted for gas exchange?
Carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
What does CORMMSS stand for?
Conditions to vary (indepedent variable)
Organism - how will you control it
Repeat for reliability
Measurement 1 (dependent variable)
Measurement 2 (dependent variable)
Special consideration 1 (control variable)
Special consideration 2 (control variable)
CORMMS for the effect of exercise on breathing
C - change whether the student has exercised or not
O - The students should be of the same age, gender, size and general fitness
R - repeat the investigation several times to ensure our results are reliable
M1 - the change in breathing rate
M2 - …immediately after exercise and each minute for the subsequent 5 minutes
S - control the type of exercise carried out, the temperature of the environment, and the food intake of the students before the investigation
Method for practical - the effect of exercise on breathing
- Work out student A’s breathing rate at rest (repeat several times to calculate an average)
- Student A should then exercise for a set time (at least 4 minutes)
Immediately after exercising, calculate the breathing rate per minute (repeat several times to calculate an average)
Compare the result to the breathing rate at rest to work out the change in breathing rate as a result of exercise - Repeat this last step every minute after exercise for 5 minutes
- Repeat the process for student B
- Finally, repeat the whole investigation for each student after a period of rest to calculate an average
What colour is hydrogen carbonate in atmospherical air?
red
What colour is hydrogen carbonate in increased carbon dioxide levels?
yellow
What colour is hydrogen carbonate in decreased carbon dioxide levels?
purple
CORMMS for the role of anarobic respiration by yeast in different conditions
C - changing the temperature in each repeat
O - the type (species) of yeast used must be the same
R - repeat the investigation several times at each temperature to ensure our results are reliable
M1 - measure the number of bubbles (of carbon dioxide) produced
M2 - in a set time period (e.g. 2 minutes)
S - control the concentration, volume pH of the sugar solution and the mass of yeast added
Method for practical - the role of anarobic respiration by yeast in different conditions
- Mix yeast with sugar solution in a boiling tube (the sugar solution provides the yeast with glucose for anaerobic respiration)
- Carefully add a layer of oil on top of the solution (this prevents oxygen from entering the solution - prevents aerobic respiration in the yeast)
- Using a capillary tube, connect this boiling tube with another boiling tube that is filled with limewater
- Place the boiling tube with yeast and sugar solution into a water bath at 40 degrees and count the number of bubbles produced in a fixed time (e.g. 2 minutes)(the rate of carbon dioxide is produced by yeast can be used to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration - i.e. the rate of fermentation)
- Repeat the whole experiment but with the temperatures 20 degrees and 0 degrees
CORMMS for investigating the evolution of carbon dioxide from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
C - change the content of the boiling tube (germinating seeds, dead seeds or glass beads)
O - The seeds used should all be of the same age, size and species
R - repeat the investigation several times to ensure our results are reliable
M1 - observe the change in the hydrogen carbonate indicator
M2 - …after 3 hours
S - control the volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator, the number of seeds/beads, the temperature of the environment
CORMMS for investigating the evolution of heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
C - change the content of the flasks (germinating seeds or dead seeds)
O - The seeds used should all be of the same age, size and species
R - repeat the investigation several times to ensure our results are reliable
M1 - observe the change in the temperature on the thermometer
M2 - …after 4 days
S - control the number of seeds, the starting temperature of the flasks, the material and size of the flasks
Method for practical - investigating the evolution of carbon dioxide from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
- Measure out 10 cm3 of hydrogen carbonate indicator into 3 boiling tubes
- Put in a layer of cotton wool
- Place 10 germinating seeds in tube A
- Place 10 boiled/dead seeds in tube B
- Place 10 glass beads in tube C
- Seal each tube with a rubber bung
- After 3 hours, observe the colour of the indicator
Method for practical - investigating the evolution of heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
- Set up the flasks
• Flask A with the dead seeds
• Flask B with the germinating seeds - Make sure the cotton wool is plugging the top of each flask
- Hold the thermometer in place with the cotton wool
- Invert the flask
- Record the initial temperature
- After 4 days, record the final temperature
Why do you use dead seeds or glass beads in the experiment?
To respresent a control - to show that it is respiration leading to the increase in temperature as the dead seeds/ glass beads won’t respire as they’re not alive
How to prove respiration has occured?
Bubbles in limewater –> turns from colourless to cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide
Soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide
Hydrogen carbonate solution - high levels of carbon dioxide turns yellow
High levels of carbon dioxide, low levels of oxygen
Why can’t anything get into the flask with the seeds?
It may disturb the experiment if its a bacteria and kills the seeds or something that affects the temperature
How many hours a day does respiration occur in plants?
24
When does photosynthesis occur in plants?
When sunlight is available
What effects the net exchange of gases in plants?
How much light is available
How does respiration occur?
Via diffusion (movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration - moving down a concentration gradient)
What gas goes in and out of plants in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide in
Oxygen out
What gas goes in and out of plants in respiration?
Carbon dioxide out
Oxygen in
How are leaves adapted for gas exchange?
Broad - large surface area for diffusion
Thin - short diffusion distance
Air spaces - allow gases to easily move to all cells
Lots of stomata - more gas being exchanged
Plant can control the opening and closing of stomata using the guard cells - less water loss
How do multicellular organisms maximise the exchange of materials?
Exchange surfaces + organ systems
How do organs maximise the exchange of materials?
Having large surface areas to increase the rate of transport
Having a short diffusion distance for substances to move across easily
What do animals have in addition to maximise the exchange of materials?
Gas exchange surfaces that are well ventilated to maintain steep concentration gradients
Can muscles pull or push on bones and what is the solution? (In terms of ribs + intercostal muscles)
Pull - there must be two sets of intercostal muscles to work antagonistically to facilitate breathing
-External intercostal muscles, pull the ribcage up
-Internal intercostal muscles pull the ribcage down
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms
How is energy released in respiration?
From glucose either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration)
How is energy transferred?
In the form of ATP
What are the differences between respiration and gas exchange?
Gas exchange involves getting oxygen into the cells and carbon dioxide out. Respiration uses the oxygen supplied from gas exchange to release energy in the form of ATP.
Why is ATP sometimes broken down?
To release energy for living processes to occur within cells and organisms
How is ATP produced?
During the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down and several molecules of ATP are produced
How is energy released that is required in organisms?
Via ATP molecules
What causes a higher risk of coronary heart disease?
Smoking
How to calculate breathing rate?
Count number of breaths for 15 seconds and multiply by 4
What is a smoker’s cough?
The attempt to remove the build up of mucus
