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Neural Control of Human Movement > Topic 3: Neuroanatomy Foundations > Flashcards

Topic 3: Neuroanatomy Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

How was the brain historically studied

A

Using dissection and staining after death

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2
Q

What are the two types of structural imaging technologies

A
  • Computed tomography (CT or CAT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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3
Q

What are the two types of functional imaging technologies

A
  • Positron emission tomography (PET)
  • Functional MRI (fMRI)
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4
Q

New imaging techniques and advancements

A
  • Diffusion tensor imaging
  • Improving MRIs
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5
Q

Computed Tomopraghy

A
  • Digitally reconstruction x-ray images
    -360 degrees to provide slices of the object
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6
Q

Pros of CT

A
  • Can see bone, brain, organs
  • great for bleeding and tumors
  • quick scan
  • lower cost and shorter wait times than MRI
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7
Q

Cons of CT

A
  • Low doses of radiation
  • Images may not be as detailed as other techniques
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8
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A
  • No radiation, just large magnetic field
  • Different atoms interact differently within the magnetic field
  • build a “map” based on this
  • stronger magnet = clearer images (rated in telsa units - 0.5T-3T+)
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9
Q

Pros of MRI

A
  • No radiation
  • Great view of soft tissues
  • Can highlight different types of tissues (based on type of sequencing T1 vs T2)
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10
Q

Cons of MRI

A
  • Longer scan times
  • can be very noisy
  • metal implants may cause issues
  • longer wait times and more expensive
  • magnet can be dangerous (always on)
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11
Q

Application of MRI use with Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • MRI is the best way to see lesions
  • preferred diagnosis technique includes symptoms + imaging and other tests
  • Can identify previous damage, new inflammation and even atrophy over time
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12
Q

Open MRI

A

Doesn’t require a full tube
- allows weight-bearing scans
- lower resolution images (0.5T)

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13
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

Imaging with radioactive tracer
- can be used with CT or MRI
- IV with tracer and compounds used by the body (eg. glucose)
- Measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues
-used to diagnose brain disorders, cancers, etc.

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14
Q

Fluorodopa

A
  • used to detect damaged or lost dopaminergic neurons
  • support the diagnosis and evaluating progression and treatment
  • less highlight indicates less active neurons (more cell death)
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15
Q

Functional MRI

A

MRI to measure changes in blood flow
- Increased blood flow means increased neural activity
- No injection required and better resolution than PET
- Used to map brains for surgery, diagnose diseases, and provides many research opportunities

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16
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

Visualizes large bundles of axons in the brain
- uses an MRI to compare the diffusion of water that occurs along axons
- direction of traces are represented with different colors
- Understand and track the changes in the structure of the brain with aging/disease

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17
Q

Improving MRIs

A
  • improving scan times (2-3 minutes -> seconds)
  • improving resolution of images (10T)
  • segmentation of images
  • Measuring different things (fluid levels, tissue stiffness, etc.)
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18
Q

Anatomical planes

A
  • Sagittal: split into left and right sides
  • Frontal (coronal): Splits into front and back
  • Transverse (horizontal): Splits into above and below
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19
Q

Spinal cord function and organization

A
  • Conduit of information (brain-body)
  • Dorsal roots - sensory
  • Ventral roots - motor
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20
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
- Somatic PNS: innervates skin, joints, muscles
- Visceral PNS: innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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21
Q

Dorsal Root ganglia

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons

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22
Q

Afferent vs efferent nerves

A
  • Afferent nerves carry information toward CNS
  • Efferent nerves carry information away for CNS
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23
Q

Def: Grey matter

A

neuronal bodies in the CNS

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24
Q

Def: Nucleus (in terms of somas)

A

mass of neuronal bodies in the CNS

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25
Def: ganglion
collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS
26
Def: White matter
Collection of axons in the CNS
27
Def: Nerve
bundle of axons in the PNS
28
Def: Tract
Collection of axons with a common origin and destination in the CNS
29
Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Produced by choroid plexus found within the brain - Circulates throughout CNS - Absorbed into venous system
30
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Protection - Buoyancy - Excrete waste products - endocrine medium
31
Ventricles of the Brain
Lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) - Largest - Filled with CSF 3rd ventricle - between two halves of diencephalon - filled with CSF 4th ventricle - connected to 3rd ventricle by cerebral aqueduct - posterior to pons and medulla, but anterior to cerebellum - continues with central canal of spinal cord
32
Regions of the Forebrain
- Telencephalon - Diencephalon
33
Regions of the hindbrain
- Cerebellum - Pons - Medulla oblongata
34
anatomy of Telencephalon
- largest part of human brain Two cerebral hemispheres - Cerebral cortex (outer layer) - White Matter - basal ganglia - amygdala - hippocampus
35
Functions of Telencephalon
- Higher order thinking/reasoning - Analyze sensory input and command motor output - memory and emotion
36
3 Major white matter systems in the telencephalon
- Cortical white matter: axons of cerebral cortex - Corpus Callosum: Bridge between left/right hemispheres - Internal Capsule: Links brain to brain stem
37
Parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus - Gateway to cerebral cortex - Via the internal capsule Hypothalamus - Roles in a variety of autonomic functions and hormone release
38
The midbrain
- Contains ascending/descending pathways between cortex, brain stem and spinal cord - Cerebral aqueduct in center - TECTUM: Receive sensory information for eye/ear - TEGMENTUM: contains the substantia nigra (black substance) and red nucleus which help to control voluntary movement
39
The hindbrain
1. Cerebellum - most posterior - movement control center 2. Pons - Most superior/rostral - Switchboard connecting cerebellum and cerebral cortex 3. medulla oblongata - most inferior/caudal - autonomic processes (breathing, blood pressure etc. - Relays information to thalamus - MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS: point of decussation (axon crossover)
40
The spinal cord
- White matter in outer layer - Grey matter inside - Spinal canal is an extension of the 4th ventricle
41
Def: Gyri
Bumps on cerebral Cortex
42
Def: Sulci
Grooves on cerebral cortex
43
Def: Fissures
Deep grooves in cerebral cortex
44
Central Sulcus
Divides Frontal lobe and parietal lobe - Precentral gyrus: voluntary movement - Postcentral gyrus: somatic sensation
45
Lateral fissure
Runs transvers seperating temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe - Superior temporal gyrus (hearing) just inferior to lateral fissure
46
Areas of the frontal lobe
- Prefrontal cortex - Premotor & supplementary motor area - Primary motor cortex
47
Prefrontal cortex functions
- Executive function: higher cognitive processes for planning and organizing thoughts, speech, and behaviours - Attention: can directly or indirectly influence movement - Personality and social behaviour
48
Premotor & supplementary motor area functions
preparation of the body for movement
49
Primary motor cortex
- located in the precentral gyrus - generates neural impulses for movement - Somatotopic motor map
50
Somatotopic Motor Map
Larger area designated for areas requiring fine motor control
51
Areas of the parietal lobe
- Somatosensory cortex - Posterior parietal cortex
52
Somatosensory cortex
- located in postcentral gyrus - Primary area for processing somatic sensations - Somatotropic sensory map
53
Posterior Parietal cortex
- Integrating sensory information - object recognition, spatial relationships - contributes to planning and organizing action
54
Occipital Lobe
- Visual cortex - processes visual information
55
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory cortex - Inferotemporal cortex: visual processing and object recognition ( quickly and easily identify objects
56
Thalamus
- Part of the diencephalon - 3rd ventricle is between 2 halves - link between sensory info and cerebrum - Processes and directs info to specific areas - Highly integrated with cerebellum and basal ganglia with cortex - Axons travel through internal capsule - Divided into sperate nuclei that project to different areas in the cortex (ventral posterior nucleus and ventral lateral nucleus)
57
Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
Projects to the postcentral gyrus
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Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
- Projects to precentral gyrus - Receives input from basal ganglia
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Basal Ganglia
Group of subcortical nuclei which supports the selection and initiation of movements, while preventing unwanted movements - 4 main nuclei: STRIATUM: receives input from cortex - Caudate nucleus - Putamen GLOBUS PALLIDUS: output to thalamus - Internal & external segment SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS - Helps regulate movement SUBSTANTIA NIGRA - Helps regulate movement (dopaminergic neurons) - Degeneration in Parkinson's disease
60
Pons
- Ventral to 4th ventricle - Many ascending and descending tracts carrying sensory and motor information PONTINE NUCLEI: most ventral aspect - relays cortical information to cerebellum PONTINE RETICULAR FORMATION - important for respiration, taste, and sleep; as well as postural control
61
Cerebellum
- Most dorsal aspect of the hindbrain - made up of folia and lobules - vermis seperates left and right hemispheres - deep cerebellar nuclei relay information out - Most notable cells - purkinje cells
62
Purkinje cells
- Vast network of dendrites and one axons - loss of or damage leads to movement disorders and/or coordination problems
63
Ataxia
Damage to the cerebellum leads to uncoordinated movements - can use finger-to-nose test to assess
64
Medulla
- Most caudal portion of the hindbrain MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS - bundles of motor axons - primary point of motor decussation MEDIAL LEMNISCUS - bundles of sensory axons VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS -Integrates information necessary for balance DORSAL COLUMN NUCLEI - Primary point of sensory decussation - joins up with medial lemniscus to create the dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway
64
Alcoholic Cerebellar degeneration
- heavy consumption of alcohol can cause degeneration of the cerebellum - lead to postural instability, ataxic gait, bilateral gaze-evoked nystagmus and cerebellar tremor in both arms in case study - Result of lose of purkinje cells
65
Vertebral column: vertebrae and nerves
7 Cervical - 8 nerve 12 Thoracic - 12 nerves 5 Lumbar - 5 Nerves 5 Sacral - 5 Nerves 4 Coccyx - 1 nerve 33/31
66
Divisions of the Spinal cord
Spinal nerve splits into 2 roots - Dorsal= sensory - Ventral = motor Grey matter - Split into dorsal, ventral and lateral horns White matter - split into dorsa, ventral, and lateral columns
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Ascending sensory pathways
Dorsal Column: touch, proprioception Spinothalamic tract: pain, temperature
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Descending Motor Pathways
Lateral motor pathways: commands for voluntary movements - Corticospinal tract - Rubrospinal tract Ventromedial motor pathways: posture and reflex movements - Medullary reticulospinal tract - Tectospinal tract - Pontine reticulospinal tract - vestibulospinal tract

Neural Control of Human Movement (6 decks)

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