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Advance Biology - Unit 1 > Topic 3 - Membrane Protiens > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Membrane Protiens Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma membrane consists of ________

A

Phospholipids and protein

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2
Q

Hydrophilic heads align to ______

A

Extracellulaur space or cytoplasm

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3
Q

Examples of hydrophobic molecules and how they pass though

A

O2/CO2/N2 and steroid hormones

Pass through readily

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4
Q

Examples of small uncharged polar molecules and how they pass thorough

A

H2O/urea/glycerol

Pass through readily BUT at a lower rate as they are capable of dissolving

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5
Q

Large uncharged polar molecules - examples and how they pass

A

Glucose/sucrose

Can not pass through

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6
Q

Transmembrane proteins act as ______or ______

A

Channels or transporters

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7
Q

What is the function of these channels or transporters

A

Aid and control the movement of substances. They help control ion concentrations and concentration gradients

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8
Q

Examples of protein free bilayers

A

H+/Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO3-

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Small molecules that could only move only slowly by passive diffusion speeded through the membrane using transmembrane channel proteins that are specifically shaped to that molecules

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10
Q

What are gated channels

A

Channels protein always open using the help of an change in confirmation of the protein to open the channel

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11
Q

Example of gated channel

A

Sodium potassium pump

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12
Q

What’s a ligand gated channel

A

Binding of a signal molecule to change the confirmation of the channel

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13
Q

An example of it

A

Sodium or potassium channels

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14
Q

What’s a voltage gated channel

A

Uses changes in ion concentration to determine the opening and closing of channel

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15
Q

Where are they found

A

Nerve cells

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16
Q

What is signal transduction

A

Uses receptor proteins on the surface that are altered by the binding of the signal then sets off he reaction within the cell

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17
Q

What are the two types of binding sites for glucose symport

A

One for sodium

One for glucose

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18
Q

What’s the effects of the binding of one

A

It enhances the binding of another

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19
Q

What’s drives the system and how is that generated

A

Driven by sodium gradient generated by the sodium/potassium ATPase

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20
Q

How is it described

A

Secondary active transport

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21
Q

What happens when all binding sites are filled

A

Conformational change delivers both molecules across the membrane

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22
Q

What happens next

A

Sodium is pumped back out of the cell by sodium/pottasium ATPase

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23
Q

Why is sodium pumped back out

A

The conformational change relies on both sets of sites being filled or not and the switch between stars only happens if all sites are full or empty

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24
Q

How does this transport protein exist

A

In two states, A and B

25
Q

Why is glucose more likely to bind to the molecule in the A state rather than the B state

A

Much higher extracellulaur than intracellulaur sodium levels

26
Q

_____ glucose and sodium enter the cell by _______ transitions

A

More

A-B

27
Q

What is this an example of

A

Cooperative co-transport

28
Q

The net flow results in ________ against the concentration gradient

A

Accumulation of glucose

29
Q

Sodium ions flow ____ their electrochemical gradient while glucose molecules pumped ___ their concentration gradient

A

Down

Up

30
Q

What is the sodium/glucose symport used for

A

Actively transport glucose out of the intenstine and into the kidney tables and back into the blood test

31
Q

What does the sodium potassium ATPase pump do

A

Transports ions against a steep concentration gradient using emerged from ATP

32
Q

What does it use ATPase to do

A

Remove phosphate from ATP and uses it to change the confirmation of the protein channel

33
Q

Stage 1 of sodium potassium pump

A

Transporter has high affinity for sodium ions inside the cell

34
Q

Stage 2 of sodium potassium pump

A

Binding occurs

35
Q

Stage 3 of sodium potassium pump

A

Phosphorylation of ATP

36
Q

Stage 4 of sodium potassium pump

A

Confirmation changes

37
Q

Stage 5 of sodium potassium pump

A

Affinity for ions change

38
Q

Stage 6 of sodium potassium pump

A

Sodium ions released outside of the cell

Potassium ions bind outside the cell

39
Q

Stage 7 of sodium potassium pump

A

Dephosphorylation

40
Q

Stage 8 of sodium potassium pump

A

Confirmation changes

41
Q

Stage 9 of sodium potassium pump

A

Potassium ions taken into the cell

42
Q

Stage 10 of sodium potassium pump

A

Affinity return to start

43
Q

Functions of the pump

A

Maintain osmotic balance
Generates ion gradient in kidney tumbles/for glucose symport in the small intestine
Generates and maintains ion gradient for resting potential in neurons

44
Q

Electrical impulses travel along a ___________ as channel proteins ____ to allow ______ to rush in down a ________ ________

A

Nerve cell
Open
Sodium ions
Concentration gradient

45
Q

What’s the name of the tiny gaps that prevents nerve impulses jumping directly to the next nerve cell

A

Synapse

46
Q

What is responsible for carrying the signal across the gap

A

Neurotransmitters

47
Q

What on the other side of the gap

A

Protein receptorsinked to closed ion channel proteins

48
Q

What does the binding of neurotransmitters cause

A

Opening o the ion channels to allow sodium ions to rush in and the signal travels down the next neuron

49
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds to a protein receptor a _______ ________ causes _______

A

Confirmation change

Ion channel to open and allow sodium ions to rush in

50
Q

The neurotransmitters binding to its red world is an example of

A

A ligand gated channel

51
Q

The flow of ions into the post synaptic membrane as a result of ?

A

Neurotransmitters binding leads to a change in charge across the membrane

52
Q

The change in charge is known as ?

A

Depolarisation

53
Q

What does he change in charge trigger

A

Opening of further ion channels (sodium/potassium ATPase) along the axon of the nerve (voltage gated channels)

54
Q

What is the result

A

Charge moving along the axon towards the next nerve

55
Q

Charge moving along the axon towards the next nerve is known as

A

Propagating

56
Q

The wave of depolarisation reaches the end and tiggers?

A

The release of a neurotransmitter

57
Q

Once the wave has passed ____________ close and other open to move ions in the opposite direction

A

Sodium channels

58
Q

This then rest the neuron to its ________

A

Resting potential

59
Q

What is the resting potential

A

Charge before depolarisation

Advance Biology - Unit 1 (3 decks)

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