Topic 3 - Information And Data Flashcards
What is information? (3) What is its definition?
Information:
-Facts or statements that are useful or can be applied to something else
-malleable facts that can be applied
-data, numbers, values
Definition: The state of being of an object or a system of interest. This state can change over time
What is data? How can you turn data into information?
Data is just a value without context or meaning but if you give it meaning through an assignment variable then it can become information.
Ex: 2 is just data. But if you say Sunday = 0, Monday = 1, Tuesday = 2, and so on, 2 now has context and hence is information.
What are the three steps for information processing by computers? Do they take in data or information?
What do you have to ensure you don’t do when manipulating data?
Computers only understand data, they don’t understand the meaning or context. So essentially information is encoded into data through the code (becomes ones and zeroes) and then is processed and translated back into information.
You have to ensure you don’t manipulate data in a way it cant be manipulated as information. 1 + 2 =3 makes sense, but if you said Mary =1, john =2, Jennifer =3, then would it make sense that Mary + john = Jennifer? No!
What is all data in a computer stored as at the smallest level? What are these values called?
What are these values electrically?
Encoding schemes translate integers, real number, letters, picture, etc. into ______.
All data in a computer is stored as either a 0 or a 1, and because this is a combination of a binary digit, we call this a bit.
Electrically, the ones and zeroes are a switch that are either open or closed.
Encoding schemes translate integers, real number, letters, picture, etc. into bits.
What is Boolean data? What bit represents on/yes/true? What represents off/no/false?
What is the issue with Boolean data?
Boolean data has only two possible values: true or false. Therefore, these values can be easily encoded using a single bit:
0 = false/no/off
1 = true/yes/on
The issue with this data is there is no middle ground, so a lot of numbers cannot be represented.
How do we represent integer numbers using only ones and zeroes? (Since this is the way that computers like to store data?)
What base is this 1 and 0 system, and how do we convert this to base 10?
We can write them as tally marks, but obviously this would get real large really fast. So instead, we encode numbers in base 10 (decimal) in base 2. We do this by starting with 0 and 1. Then for 2 we have run out of binary digits. So we put another zero and move to the left column and add a 1 beside that zero, and this represents 3. Then for 4, we add another 1, and we have 11 for 4. However we have now maxed out how high we can go with 2 bits, so we move onto column 3, and reset all ones to zeroes and then add a one to the left most column. Then we change each one to a one until all 3 are ones, and then we reset all to zero and add a one to the leftmost digit. And we keep repeating this for all numbers.
This is called base 2, and to convert to base 10 it is actually quite easy. You start with the right most digit represent 2^0, and then for each 1 or zero to the left you multiply by 2^1, 2^2, 2^3 and so on. Then you add these all together and you get the base 10 number.
What is decimal (base 10) number system? Each digit is a factor of _____ ______ then the digit to its right.
The decimal base 10 number system is where each digit in the number has a factor of 10 larger then the digit to its right, and this is the normal number system we count in. So for each place to the right, to represent this base 10 number you can do:
Hundreds x 10^2, tens x 10^1, ones x 10^0 and so on, which makes sense because 200 is two hundred, since 2 x 10^2 is 200. So by adding up all these sections you get the resulting number in base 10!
What is binary or base two number system? Each digit is a factor of ____ _____ than the digit to the right.
Binary or base two is when there are only 2 distinct symbols (zeroes and ones) and each digit is a factor of 2 larger then the digit to its right.
So instead of for base 10:
10^3 =1,000 thousands, 10^2 =100 hundreds, 10^1 =10 tens 10^0 =1 units or ones, you do:
For base 2:
2^4 =16 sixteens
2^3 =eights
2^2=fours
2^1=twos
2^0=units or ones
And you can do the same thing to turn this into base ten, you just multiply each 1 or 0 by 2^x and then add them all together and you will get the bae 10 number.
How do you convert a binary number to a decimal number?
You count how many digits there are in the binary number, and make the largest digit multiply to a power which is one less than the total number of digits. This is because the last digit will be multiplied to a power of zero. Since we are converting to decimal from binary each place in the binary number, represents two to the power of something, so you multiply each by two to the power of end, not 10 to the power vent.
How do you convert from base 10 to base 2?
We use something called the division algorithm. This algorithm is where you take the number and you keep dividing it by two until you get to zero. But the main part is recording the remainder because this is what will determine what the number is in base two.
so you divide it by two and if it isn’t even number produced, the remainder is zero if it’s an odd number the remainder is gonna be one because this will be represented as 0.5 and 0.52 is one. Then once you get down to one and you divide by two you get zero because One thing cannot be divided into two groups. And the remainder is whatever you were trying to divide which is one.
Then you read the Reminders from the bottom to the top and write those reminders from left to right and this is the binary number of that number.
This works because you are converting from a number where each digit represents 10 to the power, into each digit representing to the power of two.
How many digits should each group have for large binary numbers?
It is customary to group groups of four. This is because each bite has eight digits.
What is always the same no for all base 10 to base 2 conversions when you are using division algorithm?
When using the division algorithm to convert to base 2, 2you will always end up with 1÷2 at the end, which will always produce a remainder of one. This is because the binary numbers have to start with one otherwise than zero is just a lead that gets ignored. The one is essential to indicating how large the number is. This will not always be the case for non-base two numbers however it will not be a zero number ever.
How can base 10 integers be represented in a way that a computer can compute?
There represented using a secret prince of bits, which are zeros and ones. We group these bits into groups of four, and two groups of four produces eight bits, which is referred to as one bite for UTF-8. 32. Brick is referred to as a word, 64 bits is referred to as a double word and 16 is referred to as a word.
if we are representing numbers in base two, and you know how many bits you were using, you just do two to the end minus one where is the number of bits you’re using or the size of the memory. Since you are starting to count from zero, you have to subtract one, and this will give you How many numbers you can produce using that .
How can we represent negative numbers?
It can differ, but you have to choose a certain encoding where we choose some, but patterns to represent positive members and other others to represent for some coding sequences. The left most bit in sequence is the same where zero is positive and active, and in this case he would have lead. And then the rest of the represent the actual number. But you’re using that number to indicate sign you have one less zero or one less one to use.
What bases are decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal, vigesimal?
Decimal = base 10
Binary = base 2
Octal = base 8
Hexdecimal = base 16
Vigesimal = base 20
Number is larger than 10, how do we represent 10 and above since we want each number to be represented by one bit?
We convert 10 and above into letters. So 10 is a 11 is B, 12 is c and so on.
How do you convert hexadecimal to base 10?
You do the same thing you were doing before where you do 16 to the n,based on how many digits it is away from the oneplace, since each digit represents a factor of 16 rather than 10. Then, if there are letters, you can write it out as the letter times 16 to the power of N, and then convert each letter into the actual number it is. Then you add these altogether to the base 10 number.
How do you convert base 10 to hexadecimal?
Again anytime we are converting from base 10 to another base we use the division algorithm. But we divide by whatever base we are trying to convert to because we want each digit to represent a power of that base. So each time you divide by 16 and you write down the remainder then if the remainder is 10 or greater, you convert the remainder into a letter. Then you read from bottom to top and then write that out from left to right and you’ll get the number in base 16.
How does a compare to base 10 and why do we use it? How do you convert a binary number to a hexadecimal number? How do you read it out to do this?
16 has 16 to state digits instead of using ABC DENF. This allows us to have much larger combinations of members. 32 bits is common for groupings, but it is easy to make mistakes when you’re writing this all out. This is why we use hexadecimal instead.
to convert, there are a few ways you can do this. O
1. You can write out the base version of all numbers up to F or 16 for base 16. Then you read from right to left and look at each group of four binary digits. Look in the base to column to see what basic 16 number this represents and convert into that. Then if you’re left with a non-group of four on the left, you add, however, many digits are left over as leading zeros.
2. Another way you can do this, is convert base to to base 101 by multiplying each digit by two to end based on how far it is from the decimal place. Then you can convert from base 10 to 16 using the division algorithm.
What characters do we need to be able to represent?
We need to be able to represent letters, which is 26 state digits and then another 26 for uppercase. We want to represent numbers symbols, punctuation, marks, white space and accents and the non-Latin outfit so whatever other languages there are..
What was the first standard encoding scheme called? How many bits do you have per character and what were its benefits and disadvantages? What type of characters does this coding include?
Standard encoding scheme is calledASCII stands for American standard code for information interchange. This has seven bits per character and to figure out how many unique characters they had you do the two to the end minus one formula. But in this case, it doesn’t matter that we are counting from zero because zero is still a symbol that represents a character so you just do 2 to 7 produces 128 unique characters.
This includes printable, characters, control, characters that impacting, formatting, such as tagline, data transmission, etc.. .
The benefits of ask is that I can support the whole Latin character set and is simple and would have quick processing and do less expensive since it’s smaller. However, it doesn’t support other languages and doesn’t support access or additional character sets.
What base 10 number and base two number represent A? What represents W? What about lowercase a? The number seven? Why were these numbers chosen and are they arbitrary?
A: a is represented by65 in base 10, and0100 0001 in base too. This makes sense because a is essentially the beginning of the letter sequence and so if you ignore the first four digits, it just represented as one. Then you add one binary digit for each letter so that W, which is the 23rd letter in the alphabet would be represented as 23 ignoring your first two digits. makes it easy to convert to lowercase letters because lowercase a starts at 97 or0110 0001, which is also the first in sequence and just has an extra one in the third spot. So we interchange that zero for one you can convert all letters to lowercase letters, then seventh is represented by55 in base 10 and0011 0111 in base two. Again this makes sense because one is represented as.49 in base two 0011 0001 in base two, so that it was also the first. So seven as 2+4 members as the prefix.
The prefix then serves as indicating what sequence you are starting, whether this is letters or symbols or numbers.
What is extended ASCII and how does it differ from regular ASCII?
Extended ASCII has eight bits per character so it can represent 256 characters. However, this is still very small and cannot represent all the characters that we want.
In order to represent more characters, what encoding scheme is used instead? What are benefits and drawbacks?
Would have to be three bites to fit. UTF-8 is used instead, and it has a much more variable length and larger possible database. It can have 123 or four bites per character rather than one bite per or a bit per character, which is what ASCII had.
Coding scheme is compatible with ASCII .
Obviously it’s benefits and it is much larger and con storm. Any more characters allowing us to encode much more information. However, this also comes with drawback because it would be much more expensive to produce, and will also take a lot longer to encode and process information. Another issue is that The first one to five bits on the left side are used to indicate how large the character is. This makes characters larger than need to be and takes away from how much information can be stored in each bite.
Left most bit is 0: Usual ASCII character. (8 bits)
Left most bits are110? Then it is a two bite character or 16 bits. the issue is, because the first three bits are taken up to indicate the size of the bite, then a normal 16 bit character would have to be stored in three bites not two bites.
If the left must fit 1110, Then it is a three bite character or 24 bits.
if the left note most1110, than it is a four by character or 32 bit. Character.
