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AQA Biology > Topic 3: Infection and Response F > Flashcards

Topic 3: Infection and Response F Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that enters the body and causes disease

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

An infectious disease caused by a pathogen

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3
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Very small cells which can rapidly reproduce in your body

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4
Q

How big are bacteria cells?

A

1/100th the size of your body cells

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

They produce toxins which damage your body cells and tissues

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6
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves to produce many copies. The cell usually then bursts, releasing the viruses and making you feel ill from the cell damage

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7
Q

How big are viruses?

A

1/100th the size of a bacterium

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8
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes, mostly single celled

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9
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

water, air or direct contact

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10
Q

What pathogen causes measles?

A

virus

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11
Q

What pathogen causes HIV?

A

virus

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12
Q

What pathogen causes TMV?

A

virus

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13
Q

What pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

fungi

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14
Q

What pathogen causes malaria?

A

protist

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15
Q

What pathogen causes salmonella?

A

bacteria

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16
Q

What pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

A

bacteria

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17
Q

How measles spread?

A

droplets from an infected person

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash and fever

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19
Q

What can complications of measles lead to?

A

pneumonia or brain inflammation

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20
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

flu-like symptoms

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22
Q

How is measles treated/prevented?

A

vaccinations as a child

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23
Q

How can HIV be treated/prevented?

A

antiretroviral drugs to stop the virus from replicating

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24
Q

What can complications of HIV lead to?

A

AIDS- if the immune system is badly damaged it can’t cope with other infections

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plant and discolouration (reducing photosynthesis and therefore growth)

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

purple/black spots on leaves which then turn yellow and drop off (reducing photosynthesis and therefore growth)

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27
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

fungicides, removing affected leaves then destroying them

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28
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism which carries the disease and can pass it on but doesn’t get the disease itself

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29
Q

What is the life cycle of malarial protists?

A

mosquitoes pick up malaria when feeding on an infected animal and act as vectors by infecting another animal by feeding on it

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30
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

fever, muscle pains, headache

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31
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Stopping mosquito from breeding (suffocating larvae, getting rid of stagnant water pools) or mosquito nets/insecticides

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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33
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

eating contaminated food (unhygienic conditions or an animal which already has the disease)

34
Q

How is the spread of salmonella controlled?

A

vaccinations given to poultry and preparing food in hygienic conditions

35
Q

How is gonorrhoea passed on?

A

sexual contact (it is an STD)

36
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

pain urinating, vaginal/penile discharge

37
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated/prevented?

A

antibiotics and barrier methods(like condoms)

38
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced/prevented?

A

Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals and vaccination

39
Q

How does your skin defend against disease?

A

acts as a barrier and secreted antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

40
Q

How do hairs and mucus defend against disease?

A

trap particles which can contain pathogens

41
Q

How do trachea and bronchi defend against disease?

A

they secrete mucus to trap pathogens

42
Q

What are cilia and how do they defend against disease?

A

hair-like structures which waft mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed (and go to the stomach)

43
Q

How does the stomach defend against disease?

A

produces hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens

44
Q

How do white blood cells defend against disease?

A

consuming pathogens
producing antibodies
producing antitoxins

45
Q

Explain how white blood cells consume pathogens?

A

they can engulf and digest foreign cells. this is called phagocytosis

46
Q

Explain how white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

Each invading pathogen has antigens on its surface. Some types of white blood cells produce proteins called antibodies which can lock onto the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells- antibodies are specific to each type of antigen

47
Q

What happens when the right antibody is produced?

A

They are produced rapidly and carried around the body. If the person is infected with the same pathogen again, then the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it

48
Q

Explain how white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

They counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria

49
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

small amounts of dead/inactive pathogen which carry antigens are injected. This causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them, even though the pathogen is harmless, so that if live pathogens enter your body the white blood cells can rapidly produce the antibodies needed to kill of the pathogen

50
Q

What are the pros of vaccination?

A

They have helped control a lot of communicable diseases
Epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population are vaccinated

51
Q

What are the cons of vaccination?

A

They don’t always work
Vaccines can have bad side effects

52
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Reduce the symptoms of a disease without killing the pathogen or tackling the cause

53
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

kill/ prevent the growth of bacteria without killing your own body cells

54
Q

Why is it hard to find drugs to destroy viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce in your body’s cells so it is hard to destroy them without using your body’s cells

55
Q

What is aspirin and where is it found?

A

used as a painkiller and to lower fever- found in willow

56
Q

What is digitalis and where is it found?

A

used to treat heart conditions- developed from a chemical found in foxgloves

57
Q

How was penicillin found?

A

Extracted from microorganisms

58
Q

What are the 3 main stages in drug testing?

A

preclinical on human cells/tissues
preclinical on live animals
clinical on human volunteers

59
Q

Describe the first step in preclinical testing?

A

drugs are tested on human cells and tissues, BUT this can’t be used to test drugs that affect the whole body system

60
Q

Describe the second step in preclinical testing?

A

drugs are tested on live animals for efficacy, whether it is harmful and the best dosage

61
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Whether the drug works and produces the effect you’re looking for

62
Q

Describe clinical testing?

A

1) healthy male volunteers to test for any side effects. The dosage is small to begin with and then gradually increased

2) people suffering from the illness to find the optimum dose (most effective, least side effects)

63
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a substance like the drug being tested but doesn’t do anything so the doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes without having to account for the placebo effect

64
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

The patient and the doctor don’t know who is getting a placebo, so the doctors aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge

65
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

B-Lymphocytes

66
Q

How is a hybridoma cell made?

A

b-lymphocytes from a mouse (which produce antibodies but can’t divide very easily) are fused with tumour cells (which don’t produce antibodies but divide lots)

67
Q

How do you get monoclonal antibodies from a hybridoma cell?

A

hydridoma cells can be cloned to get lots of identical cells. These then produce lots of antibodies which can be collected and purified

68
Q

What do pregnancy tests detect?

A

HCG, found in the urine of pregnant women

69
Q

How does a positive pregnancy test work?

A

You wee on the stick which has antibodies for HCG attached to blue dye. The HCG binds to the antibodies and the urine moves up the strip carrying the hormone and blue dye. The beads and hormone bind to the fixed antibodies on the test strip and turn it blue

70
Q

How does a negative pregnancy test work?

A

The urine moves up the stick carrying the blue dye but there is nothing for the blue dye to attach to on the test strip, so it doesn’t go blue

71
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

they can bind to hormones and other chemicals in the blood to measure their levels

they can test blood samples for specific pathogens

they can locate specific molecules by binding the antibodies to a fluorescent dye, which will then bind to any of the molecules present (can be detected by the dye)

72
Q

What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

cancer treatments- they can target specific cells , so there is lower risk of side effects

73
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Cause more side effects than was originally expected: fever, vomiting, blood pressure so they aren’t as widely used as it was thought they might be

74
Q

When do plants suffer deficiency symptoms?

A

If there aren’t enough mineral ions in the soil

75
Q

What are nitrates needed for and what are the symptoms of a deficiency?

A

Nitrates are needed to make proteins and therefore for growth. A deficiency causes stunted growth

76
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for and what are the symptoms of a deficiency?

A

Magnesium ions are needed for making chlorophyll and therefore for photosynthesis. A deficiency give plants yellow leaves or chlorosis

77
Q

What are the common signs of disease in plants?

A

stunted/abnormal growth
spots on the leaves/discolouration
malformed stems/leaves
patches of decay

78
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A

Looking up the signs in a gardening manual/website

Taking the plant to a lab where they can identify the pathogen

Using a testing kit to identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies

79
Q

Name 3 physical defences of a plant

A

Most leaves and stems have a waxy cuticle which provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering

Plant cells are surrounded by cellulose cell walls which form another physical barrier against pathogens

Plants have layers of dead cells around their stems (like bark) which act as a barrier to stop pathogens from entering

80
Q

Name 2 chemical defences of a plant

A

Some can produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

Some plants produce poisons which can deter herbivores

81
Q

Name 3 mechanical defences of a plant

A

Some plants have thorns and hairs to stop animals from touching or eating them

Some plants have leaves that droop or curl, so they can move away from danger or knock insects off themselves

82
Q
A

AQA Biology (7 decks)

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