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Biology Gcse > Topic 3 - Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases caused by pathogens spread from one person to another

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2
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi and Protists)

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3
Q

How are communicable diseases caused (2)

A

A pathogen can be passed from one infected individual to another who does not have the disease
Disease can be passed between different species of organisms

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4
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria are single called living organisms, they make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, they live inside your cells and replicate themselves which causes the cell to burst releasing all the new viruses

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5
Q

How are pathogens spread

A

Air (droplet infection)
Direct contact
Water

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6
Q

How to prevent the spread of communicable diseases

A

Hygiene
Isolation
Destroying vectors

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7
Q

Viral diseases (3)

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

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8
Q

Cause of measles

A

The virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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9
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever and red skin rash

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10
Q

Treatment of measles

A

None

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11
Q

Prevention of measles

A

Vaccination for children and isolation of those infected

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12
Q

Causes of hiv

A

Unprotected sex, genetics, sharing injecting equipment, contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplant

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13
Q

Symptoms of hiv

A

At first - very mild flu like

After several years - attacks the immune system until it can no longer deal with infections

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14
Q

Treatments for hiv

A

Can be controlled by antiretroviral drugs that stop the virus replicating

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15
Q

Prevention of hiv

A

Protected sex, not sharing needles

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16
Q

Cause of TMV

A

Insects acting as vectors, contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants

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17
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves as the virus destroys the cells
Affects the growth of the leaves as the affected areas cannot photosynthesise

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18
Q

Treatment of TMV

A

There is no treatment

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19
Q

Prevention of TMV

A

Farmers can grow TMV-resistant strains of many crops, good pest control in fields

20
Q

A fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

21
Q

Causes of rose black spot

A

The spores of fungus are spread in the environments carried by the wind. They are then spread over the plant after it rains in drips of water that splash from one leaf or plant to another

22
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

A

Causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves. The leaves then turn yellow and drop early, this weakens the plant as it reduces the surface area for photosynthesis

23
Q

Treatment of rose black spot

A

Removing or burning affected leaves

Using fungicides

24
Q

A disease caused by a protist

A

Malaria

25
Q

Cause of Milaria

A

Caused by protist pathogens that are parasites, they live and feed on other living organisms
The protists reproduce sexually in a mosquito then asexually in a human body

26
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Affect the liver and damage red blood cells

Causes recurring episodes of fever and shaking when the protists burst out of red blood cells

27
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Treated with a combination of drugs but unavailable in many countries
Some protists have also become resistant to some of the commonly used drugs

28
Q

Prevention of malaria

A

Using insecticide-impregnated insect nets
Using insecticides
Prevent breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill the larvae

29
Q

Bacterial diseases (2)

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

30
Q

Cause of salmonella

A

Bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals

Get infected by eating undercooked meat, food prepared in unhygienic conditions that have been contaminated by it

31
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Develops within 8-72 hours
Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea
Can be fatal due to dehydration or malnutrition

32
Q

Prevention of salmonella

A

Vaccinate poultry
Keep raw chicken away from undercooked food
Avoid washing chicken
All meat completely cooked

33
Q

Causes of gonorrhoea

A

Unprotected sex with infected person

34
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Yellow discharge
Pain when urinating
Long term pelvic pain
Infertility

35
Q

Treatment of gonorrhoea

A

Antibiotics

36
Q

Features of the body that act as a defence system (5)

A

Skin acts as a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances
Hairs and mucus in the nose
Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus
Trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia, waft up mucus to back of throat
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid

37
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens

38
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells
Antibodies produces are specific to that type of antigen
Antibodies are then produces rapidly and carries around the body to find all similar bacteria and viruses
If infected again white blood cells can produce antibodies rapidly so the person is naturally immune to it
They also produce toxins by invading bacteria

39
Q

Chemicals produced by plants used in drugs

A

Aspirin - willow

Digitalis - foxgloves

40
Q

Drug testing 3 main stages

A

Preclinical testing - drugs tested on human cells and tissues in a lab, then tested on live animals to tests efficacy and find out its toxicity and find the best dosage (on 2 live animals)

Clinical trial - tested on human volunteers, low dosage
Then tested on ill patients to find the optimum dosage (placebo)
Peer review - checker by other scientists

41
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single white blood cell and only target 1 specific antigen (identical)

The lymphocytes don’t divide easily
Tumour cells do

Fuse b-lymphocyte and tumour cell to create a hybridoma
These cells can be cloned to get lots of identical cells to produce antibodies
These antibodies can be collected and purified
You can then make monoclonal antibodies that bind to anything

42
Q

Why do plants need mineral ions

A

Nitrates are needed to make proteins and therefore for growth
Magnesium ions are needed for making chlorophyll for photosynthesis

43
Q

Plant physical defences

A

Waxy cuticle - provides barrier
Cell wall - physical barrier for pathogens that make it passed the waxy cuticle
Layers of dead cells around stems - act as barrier

44
Q

Plant chemical defences

A

Some produce antibacterial chemicals that kill bacteria

Some produce poisons that deter herbivores

45
Q

Mechanical defences

A

Thorns and hairs
Some droop or curl when touched
Some mimic over organisms

Biology Gcse (4 decks)

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