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GCSE Biology 2017-2018 > Topic 3- Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3- Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

What size are bacteria cells in comparison to body cells?

A

1/100th

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3
Q

One main difference between bacteria and viruses

A

Viruses are not cells

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4
Q

Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

They are single cells eukaryotes

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5
Q

What do fungi that aren’t single celled, have?

A

A body which is made up of hyphae, which are thread like structure which grow and penetrate on skin or surface causing disease.

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6
Q

3 ways pathogens can be spread?

A

Water- drinking or bathing in dirty water (cholera: bacterial)
Air- carried by air and breathed in or droplets when cough or sneezing (influenza: virus)
Direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces (athelete’s foot: fungus)

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7
Q

Name three viral diseases

A

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

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8
Q

How is measles spread

A

Spread by droplets from infected person cough or sneeze

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9
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Affects plants, causing parts of leaves to become discoloured.

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10
Q

What does the discolouration in plants with TMV mean?

A

It means plants can’t carry out photosynthesis, so affects growth

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11
Q

How can HIV be spread?

A

Sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluid (sharing needles)

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12
Q

How can HIV be controlled?

A

During the time where the person doesn’t experience any symptoms for several years, it can be controlled with drugs, which stop the replication

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13
Q

What type of drugs control HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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14
Q

Name a fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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15
Q

Symptoms of rose black spots

A

Causes purple or black leaves in plants. Leaves turn yellow and drops off, causing photosynthesis and therefore growth to be affected.

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16
Q

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

A

Can be spread through water and wind

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17
Q

How can RBS be controlled?

A

Using fungicides and stripping affected leaf.

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18
Q

Name a protist disease.

A

Malaria

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19
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Causes repeating fevers and can be fatal.

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20
Q

Causes of malaria

A

Mosquitos, when they feed on infected person, they pick up malaria protist and spreads uninfected

21
Q

How can malaria be controlled?

A

Reducing chance of mosquitos breeding

22
Q

Name two bacterial disease and the bacteria they are caused by.

A

Diarrhoea- salmonella

Gonorrhoea- N/A

23
Q

Symptoms and spread of diarrhoea

A

Symptoms: stomach cramps, vomiting, fever
Spread: contaminated food.

24
Q

Causes and symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Cause: sexual contact
Symptoms: pain when urinating, thick yellow or green discharge

25
Q

Treatment for gonorrhoea

A

Antibiotics e.g. Penicillin and using contraception

26
Q

4 ways to reduce disease spread

A
  1. Following good hygiene
  2. Destroying vectors
  3. Isolating infected individuals
  4. Vaccinations
27
Q

What is nonspecific immunity?

A

first line of defense against infection or injury

28
Q

3 examples of non specific immunity

A

Skin- secretes antimicrobial substances
Hair and mucus in nose- traps particles possibly with pathogens
Hydrochloric acid in stomach- kills pathogens

29
Q

Two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

30
Q

What are type of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

31
Q

What type of white blood cells are memory and plasma cells from?

A

B lymphocytes

32
Q

Difference between memory cells and plasma cells

A

Memory cells are cells with receptors and plasma cells are the cells once they’ve lost the receptors

33
Q

3 ways antibodies destroy pathogens

A

Directly killing them, neutralising them and making pathogens clump together

34
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes move toward pathogens and engulf them and release enzymes to break down pathogens

35
Q

What do anti toxins do?

A

They counteract toxins produced by bacteria

36
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They have a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen, and the body recognises this as foreign and this stimulates lymphocytes. Memory cells are stored, so if person infected with same live pathogen and can be destroyed quickly.

37
Q

An example of vaccines

A

MMR- for measles, mumps and rubella

38
Q

2 pros of vaccines

A
  1. Helped control communicable that were common e.g. Smallpox doesn’t occur and polio has fallen by 99%.
  2. Prevention of epidemics
39
Q

2 cons of vaccines

A
  1. Vaccines don’t always work in giving immunity

2. Can sometimes have bad reaction

40
Q

Difference in painkiller drugs and antibiotics

A

Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain but they don’t tackle pathogen, they just reduce symptoms, but antibiotics kill/prevent growth of bacteria.

41
Q

Why can’t antibiotics destroy viruses

A

Because viruses reproduce using body cells so it is difficult to kill it without killing body cells

42
Q

How can bacteria become resistant?

A

Bacteria can mutate which can cause resistance

43
Q

What would happen if an individual resistant bacteria survives?

A

It will reproduce and the population will increase and could cause serious infection untreatable by antibiotics.

44
Q

Example of a resistant.

A

MRSA which causes serious wound infection is resistant to powerful antibiotics methicillin

45
Q

A way to slow rate of development of resistant strains

A

Doctors avoid over prescribing and patients should finish whole course.

46
Q

How do plants defend themselves?

A

They produce various chemicals

47
Q

2 Examples of medical drugs from plants.

A

Aspirin, painkiller and lower fever, made from chemical in willow

Digitalis, for heart conditions, made from chemical in foxgloves

48
Q

Example of drug from microorganism

A

Alexander Fleming noticed a Petri dish also had mound and area was free of bacteria. Found that mould produced substance killing bacteria- Pencillin

GCSE Biology 2017-2018 (4 decks)

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