Topic 3- Infection and Response Flashcards
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms which that cause infectious diseases
What are 4 pathogens?
Fungi, Virus, Protists and Bacteria
Methods on how pathogens spread?
Spread through direct contact, Water or air
Features of viruses
Very small
Move into cells and use the biochemistry of the cell to make many copies of the cell
Leads to cell bursting and releasing all copies into bloodstream
Damage cells making individual feel ill
Features of Bacteria cells?
Small
Multiply quickly by binary fission
Produce toxin which damage cells
Features of protists?
Some are parasitic (Use human as a host) and live on and damage cells
Features of fungi cells?
Can either be single celled or have a body made by hyphae
Can produce spores which can spread to other cells
How does pathogens spread by direct contact?
Touching contaminated surfaces
How does pathogens spread by water?
Drinking or coming into contact with dirty water
How do pathogens spread by air?
Pathogens can be carried in the air and breathed in
Most common example of pathogen spreading by air?
Droplet infection which is sneezing, coughing or talking
Ways which pathogens can be limited?
Improving hygiene (Washing Hands)
Reducing contact with infected individuals
Vaccination
Whats a vaccine?
Injecting a small amount of harmless pathogen so they can be immune to it
Examples of virus infections?
Hiv, Measles and Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Symptoms of measles?
Fever and red skin rash. Can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis and blindness
How does measles spread and how to prevent?
Spread: Droplet infection
Prevent: Taking vaccinations for young children
Symptoms of HIV
Flu like symptoms then attacks immune system and leads to AIDS
What’s AIDS
State where the body is susceptible to other diseases
How can HIV Spread?
Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
What is tobacco mosaic virus?
Plant pathogen affecting many specices
How to prevent HIV/AIDS
Use a condom, don’t share same needle
Use antiretroviral drugs to prevent virus replicating and leading to AIDS
What is salmonella?
Bacteria that lives off the gut of other animals which we ingest when we eat meat
Symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
Discolouration of leaves, affected part cant photosynthesise
How does tobacco mosaic virus spread?
Contact between disease plants and healthy plants
Insects can act as vectors
How to prevent tobacco mosaic virus?
Good field hygiene
Examples of bacterial diseases?
Salmonella food poisoning, Gonorrhea
Symptoms of salmonella?
Fever, Stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
How is salmonella spread?
Bacteria can be found in eggs, raw meat
How can salmonella be prevented?
Poultry are vaccinated
Keep raw meat away from cooked
wash surface and hand while handling
Symptoms of gonorrhea
Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, pain while urinating
How is gonorrhea spread?
Sexually transmitted disease spread from sexual contact
How can gonorrhea be prevented?
Using contraceptives (be treated by penicillin
Symptoms of red black spot?
Purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants, reduce area of photosynthesis. Leaves turn yellow and drop early
How does rose black spot spread?
Spores of fungus are spread in water or wind
How to prevent black spot spread?
Use fungicides or strip plant of affected leaves
What’s malaria?
Protist pathogens enter red blood cells and damage them
Symptoms of malaria?
Fevers and shaking (When protist burst out of the cells)
How does malaria spread?
A vector, usually anopheles mosqutio. The mosquito punctures the skin to feed on blood and the protist enters the bloodstream via the saliva
How to prevent malaria?
Use insecticide coated insect nets
Remove stagnant water
Take antimalarial drugs before travel
What does the non-specific defense system do?
Prevent pathogens entering the body
Examples of non-specific defense systems?
The skin
Stomach
Nose
Trachea and bronchi
How is the skin a non-specific defense system?
Acts as a physical barrier
Produce antimicrobial secretion
Good microorganisms called skin flora compete with bad microorganisms for space and nutrients
How is the nose a non-specific defense system?
Has hairs and mucus which prevent particles entering your lungs
How is the trachea and bronchi a non-specific defense system?
Secrete mucus to trap pathogens
Cilia waft mucus upwards to swallow it
How is the stomach a non-specific defense system?
Produce hydrochloric acid which kills any pathogens in your mucus, food and drink
