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ESS > Topic 3: Human population > Flashcards

Topic 3: Human population Flashcards

1
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 people per year. Also known as Natality

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2
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Also known as mortality

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3
Q

Natural increase rate

A

Calculated by subtracting death rate from Birth rate

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4
Q

IMR. Infant mortality rate

A

Death rate of infants less than one year of age

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5
Q

CMR. Children mortality rate

A

Death rate of children below the age of 5

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6
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births a woman has in her childbearing years.

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7
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Average number of children a woman would be expected to have if she survives childbirth

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8
Q

Factors that affect fertility rate

A

-Urbanization/ family planning
-Culture/ traditions
-Healthcare
-Importance of children
-Education
-Infant mortality rate
-Average age of marriage
-Availability of abortion

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9
Q

Life expentancy

A

Average number of years of life remaining at a given age. Usually measured at birth

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10
Q

Divisions in age groups

A

Youthful population/ economically dependent are between 0 and 15 years
Economically active is between 15 and 65
Elderly dependents are 65 and above

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11
Q

Population pyrammids

A

pyramids show the structure of a population in terms of sex and age. They show birth rate, death rate and life expectancy.

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12
Q

Reasons for indents/ bulges and tall/short population pyramids

A

High/low birth or death rate
High/low life expectancy
Baby boom
Government policies
Immigration and emigration
Communities of certain types of people

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13
Q

Demographic Transition model

A

It is a model that describes the pattern of the decline in mortality and fertility of a country with regard to the social and economics development of it

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14
Q

5 stages of DTM (demographic transition model)

A

Pre-industrial society- High BR and DR, poor infrastructure, lack of healthcare and cultural reason
LEDC- DR drops due to slow improvement in healthcare, BR is still high and high IMR
Wealthier LEDC- BR and DR both fall, population growth slows down and family size also decreases
MEDC- low DR and BR, stable population
Rare MEDC- BR is lower than DR, aging population

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15
Q

natural income

A

Yield and harvest or services that are provided by the environment.

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16
Q

Natural capital

A

Goods and services that are not manufactured but have value to humans.
Renewable natural capital, living species and ecosystems
Replenishable- Non-living but still dependable on solar energy
Non-renewable- cannot be replaced

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17
Q

Sustainability

A

Refers to living in such a way that it can be continued at the same level with all the natural resources having the ability to replenish

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18
Q

Sustainable development

A

Defined as the development which meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs

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19
Q

Sustainable yield

A

rate of increase in natural capital that can be used without depleting the original stock

20
Q

Energy resources

A

All energy comes from the sun
Renewable- solar, wind, hydro electric and nuclear
Non-renewable- fossil fuels

21
Q

Main components of soil

A

Mineral particles
Organic remains
water
Air

22
Q

The levels that make up soil, Horizons

A

Humus- decomposed material from recently dead organisms
Topsoil- soil hummus build up
Subsoil- layer where soluble material and organic matter tend to be deposited from the layers above
Weathered rock fragments- mainly weathered rocks, lack of wildlife
Bedrock- pure rock

23
Q

Leaching

A

When water rich in minerals travels down the horizon.
The process takes minerals away from each horizon, meaning it is bad for the soil as the minerals decrease

24
Q

Soil texture

A

Clay/ very fine particle
Slit/ fine particles
Sand/ medium sized particles
Gravel/ coarse to very coarse particles

25
Q

Soil permeability

A

The rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers

26
Q

Infiltration

A

Downward movement of water through soil

27
Q

Soil degradation

A

Reduction in the quality of soil making it harder to grow things

28
Q

Desertification

A

The process of soil becoming degraded and turning to desert

29
Q

Soil erosion

A

the removal of topsoil by wind or water. Much more vulnerable when there is no vegetation

30
Q

Crop rotation and fallow periods

A

Using different crops and allowing the land to rest gives nutrients and minerals a chance to return to soil making it more fertile.

31
Q

Desalination

A

Taking water from the sea and removing the salt to make it good for drinking and agriculture uses

32
Q

Irrigation

A

This means watering the land, by irrigating more arid areas we should be able to increase output

33
Q

Reforestation and afforestation

A

Foresting areas of land can ensure that the nitrogen cycle is maintained. Increased stability and integrity of soil and it can form a wind break from erosion and prevent floods

34
Q

Terracing

A

Retains water from crops at each level and reduces the amount of erosion

35
Q

Fertilizers and pesticides

A

Although overuse of fertilizers and pesticides can damage the soil and pollute, they can improve the amount of nutrients in the soil

36
Q

Types of farming

A

Arable farms
pastoral farming
mixed farming
Subsistence and commercial farming
Extensive and intensive farming

37
Q

Arable farms

A

Only cultivate crops and no livestock

38
Q

Pastoral farming

A

Involves keeping livestock

39
Q

Subsistence farming

A

The produced goods are consumed entirely by the family who work the land and treat the livestock

40
Q

Mixed farming

A

Involves cultivating crops and livestock

41
Q

Commercial farming

A

For profit

42
Q

Extensive farming

A

small amount of agriculture produce is obtained per hectare of land, tend to cover large areas of lands.
Inputs per unit of land are low

43
Q

Intensive farming

A

High inputs of land and achieve high numbers of yield per hectare

44
Q

Percentage of water on earth

A

3% is freshwater (97% salty)
69% of freshwater is stored in polar caps, 30% in groundwater and 1 % in lakes, rivers and swamps

45
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum number or load of individuals that an environment can sustainably carry

46
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Refers to the area of land which would be required to sustainably sustain a population to provide all of its requirements such as resources or assimilation

ESS (7 decks)

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