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History Unit 1: International Relations > Topic 3: Hitler’s Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Second World War > Flashcards

Topic 3: Hitler’s Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Second World War Flashcards

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1
Q

What are international relations?

A

Relationships between different nations and how they are managed to preserve peace

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2
Q

During what period of time was the League of Nations in action?

A

1919-1939

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3
Q

During what period of time was the United Nations in action?

A

1945-present

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4
Q

Why was the League of Nations ineffective?

A
  • the assembly only meet once a year
  • the council only meet five times a year
  • no power to call emergency meetings
  • no armed forces so no authority
  • unanimous voting system, so slows down the process
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5
Q

What countries were permanent members of the council of the League of Nations?

A

Britain, France, Italy and Japan

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6
Q

What countries never joined the League of Nations and why?

A
  • Germany and Austria, the defeated nations weren’t invited to join
  • the USSR, because it was still distrusted because it was led by a communist government
  • the USA, because the American public didn’t wish to be dragged into European affairs after the end of the First World War in 1919
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7
Q

What were some problems relating to membership in the League of Nations?

A
  • the USA wasn’t a member (it was a superpower)
  • unequal membership representation from each country
  • only four permanent members
  • members can leave, e.g. Germany in 1933
  • 2 of the permanent members don’t get along (Great Britain and France)
  • the USSR didn’t become a member until 1934 (also a superpower)
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8
Q

Why was their tension in the League of Nations between Britain and France during the 1920s?

A

They disagreed over their treatment of Germany. Britain felt that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh whereas France wanted to enforce terms and felt they hadn’t been enough

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9
Q

Why was the United Nations an improvement over the League of Nations?

A
  • all member nations have an equal representation
  • votes are cast on resolutions and need a two-thirds majority to pass
  • has the power to authorise military action or declare war
  • 5 permanent nations - France, China, Russia, USA and UK
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10
Q

What year did Hitler become the leader of Germany?

A

1933

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11
Q

Why did Hitler want revenge on France?

A

For the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles

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12
Q

What was the Polish Corridor?

A

The area of land that split Germany in two and had been given to Poland as part of the Treaty of Versailles to allow them access to the sea

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13
Q

Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland?

A

It was rich in industrial materials and resources

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14
Q

Why did Hitler hate the USSR?

A

Because he hated communists and thought that the people who lived there were inferior to Germans

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15
Q

How many German speakers lived in Austria?

A

8 million

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16
Q

Where was Hitler born?

A

Austria

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17
Q

Why was France so harsh on Germany when deciding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

They had suffered the most because of the war and asked for a lot of money for the bad economy and losses

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18
Q

What did France want from the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • revenge
  • reparations
  • a guarantee that the war would never happen again (by stripping Germany of their army and money)
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19
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson want at the end of the war?

A
  • to make a League of Nations
  • to be left out of Europe’s problems
  • didn’t really want to punish Germany
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20
Q

Why wasn’t David Lloyd George more harsh on Germany when deciding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

He didn’t want to destroy Germany as he wanted a trading partner

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21
Q

How many men did Germany lose as a result of the First World War?

A

Nearly 1.75 million

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22
Q

When did the USA join the First World War?

A

April 1917

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23
Q

Why were there major food and fuel shortages in Germany after World War One even though not much fighting had happened within the country?

A

The British Navy continued to blockade the country’s ports to stop supplies getting in even after the war had ended

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24
Q

Why did Russia have to surrender during the First World War in 1917?

A

Revolutions had broken out across the country

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25
Q

How many men did France lose during the First World War?

A

1.4 million

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26
Q

How many men did Russia lose during the First World War?

A

1.7 million

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27
Q

What effect did World War One have on France?

A
  • they lost an area of arable farm land equal to Wales
  • three million homes were destroyed
  • two million of its inhabitants had been left homeless by the end of the war
28
Q

How many casualties did Britain have as a result of the First World War?

A

750,000 soldiers dead and 1.5 million wounded

29
Q

Why was Britain in deep debt by the end of the war?

A

They had borrowed from the Americans who had supplied them with industrial goods and currency throughout the war

30
Q

Why did the Germans feel angry and humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Article 231 said that Germany was to be solely blamed for causing the First World War

31
Q

What were the territorial loses to Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • all of the overseas colonies they had built up since the 1800s were divided up amongst the allies
  • the two French provinces Alsace and Lorraine Germany had won from France in a war 1871 were returned
  • the Polish Corridor(West Prussia and the Posen) were given to Poland
  • the Austrian Empire, Germany’s ally, was broken up and not allowed to unite with them
  • Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium
32
Q

What percentage of land in total did Germany lose as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

15% of its agricultural land and 10% of its industrial land

33
Q

What countries made up the Allies in World War One?

A

France, the British Empire and the Russian Empire

34
Q

How much did Germany have to pay in reparations after World War One?

A

A fixed sum of £6.6 billion to be paid in annual instalments

35
Q

What had to the German economy as a result of the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

It hit inflation in 1923

36
Q

What are some reasons that people believe the Treaty of Versailles was fair?

A
  • they had forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918
  • they had committed atrocities in Belgium when they had occupied it for four years
  • by 1925 the German steel production was double that of Britain so some could argue that their economy wasn’t as damaged as it was portrayed
37
Q

What did Russia have to give up to Germany as a result of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A
  • 26% of their total population
  • 74% of its iron and coal industry
  • 27% of its agricultural land
38
Q

What are some reasons that people believe the Treaty of Versailles was unfair?

A
  • the loss of Germany’s empire dramatically reduced its trading ability and therefore it’s economy, leading to inflation in 1923
  • reparations were set at the maximum possible amount over 42 years which would bankrupt Germany
  • its disarmament left the country weak and defenceless against future attack
  • the terms were worked out in secret without Germany’s involvement and forced on them
  • lost 7 million in population and 13.5% of its total territory
  • they had to accept sole responsibility even though they weren’t the only ones to cause the war
39
Q

What were Hitler’s three main aims?

A
  • to overturn or abolish the Treaty of Versailles
  • to create Lebensbraum
  • to unite all German speaking people
40
Q

Why did Hitler withdraw from the League of Nations after the Disarmament Conference of 1933?

A

Other European nations had refused to disarm to Germany’s level

41
Q

What was the result of the Anglo-German Naval Treaty of 1935?

A

Britain allowed Germany to increase the size of its fleet to 1/3 of theirs and to have the same number of submarines

42
Q

When did Hitler start rearmament?

A

1933

43
Q

How did Hitler start rearmament?

A
  • withdrew from the League of Nations after the World Disarmament Conference (1933)
  • signed a non-aggression pact with Poland (1934)
  • introduced conscription (1935)
  • signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement with Britain (1935)
  • increased the amount of money the government was spending on the military from 1 to 23%
  • had increased all sections of his armed forces by 1939
44
Q

What were the consequences of rearmament?

A
  • Hitler had more power and would be able to carry out his aims more easily
  • Germany wasn’t as defenceless and would be able to go to war and invade other countries
45
Q

When was the Saar returned to Germany?

A

1935

46
Q

Why did Hitler want the Saarland?

A
  • It was rich in resources; the coal could be used to sell or trade
  • coal could be used as fuel for making steel which is needed for war
47
Q

How did Hitler regain the Saarland?

A
  • beat up and threatened opposition
  • propaganda campaign
  • intimidation (Nazi storm troopers gathered on the border between the Saar and Germany until they disbanded after threats from Britain and France)
48
Q

By how much did Hitler win the plebiscite used to regain the Saarland?

A

90%

49
Q

What were the consequences of Hitler regaining the Saarland?

A

Hitler knew the League of Nations was too scared to fight him because they didn’t do anything when they found out about the Nazi’s threats during the plebiscite

50
Q

When did the Anschluss with Austria happen?

A

1938

51
Q

Why did Hitler want the Anschluss with Austria?

A
  • one of his three main aims, the reunification of all German speaking people
  • he was born there
  • there was already a strong Nazi Party in Austria
  • 96% of Austrians were German speaking
52
Q

How did Hitler get the Anschluss with Austria?

A
  • became friends with Mussolini so that he couldn’t stop him again (Rome-Berlin Axis)
  • forced Schuschnigg to give positions of government to Austrian Nazis
  • held a plebiscite after entering Austria to justify it
53
Q

By how much did Hitler win the plebiscite for the Anschluss with Austria?

A

99.75%

54
Q

What happened as a result of the Anschluss with Austria?

A

80,000 of Hitler’s opponents were imprisoned

55
Q

When was the Rome-Berlin Axis signed?

A

1936

56
Q

What agreements did the Anglo-German Naval Treaty breach?

A
  • the Treaty of Versailles

- the Stresa Front

57
Q

Who was the Stresa Front held between?

A

Britain, France and Italy

58
Q

What was the purpose of the Stresa Front?

A
  • to unite against Germany’s rearmament policies
  • to reaffirm the Locarno Pact
  • to lay out economic sanctions against Germany for publicly ignoring the Treaty of Versailles
59
Q

Why did the Stresa Front fail?

A
  • the Anglo-German Naval Agreement
  • Italy’s involvement with Germany; fighting together in the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and sending each other supplies
  • no country in the front wanted to attack Germany, so their threats were never acted upon
60
Q

Why was Hitler’s rearmament successful?

A
  • was able to use British sympathy for Germany after the Treaty of Versailles
  • France was unwilling to fight alone against Germany
  • Britain and France were preoccupied with Mussolini in Abyssinia
61
Q

How long was the Saarland under the League of Nation’s control?

A

15 years

62
Q

What Treaty seriously reduced the size of Austria?

A

The Treaty of St Germain

63
Q

Why did Schuschnigg agree to appoint Nazis into his government?

A

The German’s had promised to respect Austria’s independence

64
Q

Who replaced Kurt Schuschnigg after he resigned?

A

Arthur Seyss-Inquart

65
Q

Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia and the Sudetenland?

A
  • Czechoslovakia would make it hard to fight the West, he wanted to avoid a war on two fronts
  • thought the USSR might invade Germany through Czechoslovakia
  • hated the Czechs because they were Slavs
  • he wanted their wealth and resources

History Unit 1: International Relations (3 decks)

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