Topic 3 - Global Aspects Flashcards
Types of vaccines
- Whole organism
2. Subunit vaccine
Recombinant vaccines
Basic idea? Cloned in \_\_\_\_ Less or more immunogenic than other vaccines? What is a key word used for this? Huge benefit?
Take infectious virus and wrap it in a “safe” virus
Cloned in vectors
Less immunogenic
Purified antigens!
Really safe!
Substances administered with vaccine that enhances immune response
Ex?
Adjuvants
Aluminum or aluminum salts
Examples of toxoids
Tetanus
Diptheria
Vaccines that are still awaited
Hepatitis C HIV Plasmodium Neisseria gonorrhea Treponema palidum
What produces non-specific cellular immunostimulation?
cytokines
interferons
interleukins
BCG
Three types of antimicrobial drugs
Synthetic
Semi-synthetic
Antibiotics
What makes a good antimicrobial drug?
Selective - kills pathogen but not human Soluble in body fluid Cost effective Microbes does not develop resistance too soon Minimum side effects
What does antibacterial drugs include?
Synthetic
Semi-synthetic
Most anitbiotics
A plus, negative, and general fact about anibacterials
Plus - very efficacious due to many different targets in prokaryotic cells
Negative - many microbes develop resistance
General fact - broad spectrum (gram positive and negative), narrow spectrum (either gram positive or negative)
Targets in prokaryotes
Cell wall synthesis - usually enzymes Nucleic acid synthesis - usually enzymes Cell membrane function Protein synthesis - ribosomes, tRNA Synthesis of key metabolite (ex. folic acid) - usually enzymes
Antiviral agents
What type of antimicrobial drug are they?
Is there alot of them?
Efficacy of them (3)
Synthetic
There are fewer in number due to fewer targets on viruses
- More side effects
- Viruses replicate within our cells, so drugs get into our cells to work
- Viruses mutate quickly and become resistant
Targets found in fungi that are not in humans (antifungal)
Cell wall
Ergosterol synthesis
Several different enzymes for nucleic acid synthesis
Synthesis of key metabolites
Resistance to antimicrobial agents
Natural (mostly due to absence of target or impermeability to the drug)
Acquired (can be due to mutation, genetic exchange between MO)
Overuse
Mechanisms of drug resistance
- drug inactivation (produce enzymes that destroy the drugs) – Beta-lactamase destroyed the lactam ring in penicillin
- Altered uptake (change in permeability or you pump out drug)
- Altered target (microbe develops new pathway, microbe makes new enzymes that aren’t the target, microbe present target enzymes that are still able to function)
