topic 3 - Economic Activity and Energy Flashcards
define primary sector
it’s the sector where raw materials are taken directly from nature.
define secondary sector
The sector of the economy that revolves around manufacturing. The secondary sector transforms natural resources, raw materials collected from nature, into artificial resources, human-created objects for use by people.
define tertiary sector
providing services for the society
define quartinary sector
information based or knowledge oriented products and services
examples of primary sector jobs?
deals with things like farming, fishing, mining, and forestry
Examples of secondry sector?
constructing
food processing
clothing and textile
examples of tertiary sector?
teaching
hair dressers/barbers
transportation
law firms
hotels
restuarants
quartinary sector examples
software developers
doctors
acountants
bankers
The REASON for the differences in the employment structures in countries at different levels of development
this is because the richer the economy, the higher the dembnad for servies such as education, healthcare and tourism.
Describe and explain the Clark Fisher Model
Explain factors affecting the location of economic activity in PRIMARY SECTOR
CLIMATE - sunshine hours and temperature all affect the type of crops grown or livestock
LAND - The amount of land available, cost, soil type and resources (coal, gold)
MARKET - Some crops need to be very close to the market - such as soft fruits
LABOUR - In developed countries there are few workers needed due to mechanisation
TRANSPORT - Access to roads to transport crops, animals
Explain factors affecting the location of economic activity in SECONDARY SECTOR
RAW MATERIALS - How close the activity needs to be to raw materials and the types of raw materials will depend on the industry
LAND - Large areas of land often required, so cost and amount of land is important
MARKET - Access to the market is important to be able to sell the goods made
ENERGY - A power source is needed, this used to be coal or water but is now electricity which can be accessed in many areas
LABOUR - Mechanisation means that not as many workers are required
TRANSPORT - Access to roads is essential to bring in raw materials and send out the product
Explain factors affecting the location of economic activity in TERIARY SECTOR
MARKET - Needs to be close to the customers
ENERGY - A power source is needed - electricity which can be accessed in many areas
LABOUR - Workers needed both skilled and unskilled
TRANSPORT - Needs to be accessible for customers, workers and in the case of retail to bring in the products
Explain factors affecting the location of economic activity in QUARTINARY SECTOR
LAND - Science parks need large areas of land usually near a university on rural-urban fringe
ENERGY - A power source is needed - electricity which can be accessed in many areas
LABOUR - Skilled labour needed often university graduates
TRANSPORT - Needs to be accessible for the workers
Reasons for the changes in the numbers of people employed in the primary sector
AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATEERIALS:
* Raw materials may have run out or be economic unviable to obtain
* Crop production and livestock may be reduced due to drought, flood, pest/disease or soil erosion.
GLOBALISATION:
* TNCs have factories and offices in many countries
* Lower costs tend to be in developing and emerging countries
MECHANISATION:
* There are fewer jobs in farming, mining and many factories due to mechanisation
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES:
* Increasing population means that there is a greater demand for products and services
* People have more disposable income to spend on leisure and other services
Case Study: Sector Shift in the UK
- It was the first country to experience the Industrial Revolution
- In the 1800s jobs in primary economic activities were rapidly declining reaching 15% in 1900
- In 1900 most people (over 60%) worked in secondary economic activities and tertiary economic activities were also steadily increasing
- In the 1950s tertiary economic activities overtook secondary economic activities as the main employment sector
- In 2021 over 70% of people in the UK are employed in tertiary economic activities
Case Study: Sector Shift in the UK - positives and negatives
Positive Impacts:
* Deindustrialisation has led to improvements in the environment and decreased levels of pollution
* UK has developed expertise in secondary and tertiary economic activities which are in demand around the world
*London is the second most important financial centre in the world after New York
Negative Impacts:
* Deindustrialisation led to high numbers of job losses particularly in the north of the UK
* Job losses in secondary industry led to large areas of deprivation especially in inner cities such as Liverpool and Leeds
Case Study: Sector Shift in China
- In 1950 over 80% of the population were employed in primary economic activities - mainly agriculture
- in 1978 China opened up to trade with the rest of the world and invested heavily in manufacturing
- By 2005 primary economic sector employment had dropped below 50% and most people were employed in secondary and tertiary economic activities
- In 2020 tertiary economic activity employment was increasingly important
Case Study: Sector Shift in china - positives and negatives
Positive Impacts:
* Improved incomes and higher standard of living
* More investment in education and health services
* Investment in roads, airports, ports and other infrastructure
negative impacts:
*Increased gap between rich and poor, particularly in gap between wealthier urban residents and poorer rural residents
* Air, water and noise pollution all increased
cause of informal employment?
- avoid taxes
- more people than jobs available
- lack of qualification/education
- flexible hours
Advantages and disadvantages of informal employment in Dhaka, Bangladesh
disadvantages:
- long hours
- low pay
- poor and unhealthy conditions
- no legal protection
Advantages:
- no taxes
- flexible hours
informal employment
Informal employment is any employment which is unregulated and unofficial
explain the different theories (Malthus and Boserup) which explain the relationship between population and resources.
malthus states that the population will increase rapidly which will lead to the increase in demand for food and supplies, it will outpace agriculture and people will die due to the lack of nessecities. boserup states thats the increase in demnad for nesecities will encourage people to work harder to provide for the increase in demand.
pros and cons of renewable energy
pros:
* Renewable energy won’t run out
* Renewables save money
* Renewable energy creates jobs
cons:
* Renewable energy has high upfront costs
* Renewables have limited storage capabilities
* renewables aren’t always 100% carbon-free
pros and cons of non-renewable energy
pros:
* Reliability
* Existing Infrastructure
* Cost-Effective
cons:
* Environmental Pollution
* Contribution to Climate Change
* Health Risks
Explain how energy can be managed in a sustainable way
- Fossil fuels create pollution and emit greenhouse gases so the amount used needs to be reduced
- Reduce car use by using public transport, walking or cycling
- turn off lights and ac when not in the room
- install solar panels
