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Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do all biological molecules contain

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What elements doo carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

What elements do lipids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What elements do proteins contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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5
Q

What elements do nuclei acids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

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6
Q

Cations: calcium ions

A

Involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission

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7
Q

Cations: sodium ions

A

Involved in co-transport, réabsorption of water in the kidney and nerve impulse transmission

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8
Q

Cations: potassium ions

A

Involved in stomatal opening and nerve impulse transmission

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9
Q

Cations: hydrogen ions

A

Involved in chemiosmosis, ph determination and catalysis of reactions

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10
Q

Cations: ammonium ions

A

Involved in nitrogen cycle, where bacteria convert ammonium ions into nitrate ions

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11
Q

Anions: nitrate

A

Mineral absorbed by plants to provide a source of nitrogen to make amino acids

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12
Q

Anions: hydrogencarbonate

A

Maintains the ph of the blood

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13
Q

Anions: chloride

A

Provides a negative charge to balance the positive sodium ion and potassium ions in cells

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14
Q

Anions: phosphate

A

Involved in the formation of phospholipids for cell membranes, nucleus acids and atp formation and in making bones

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15
Q

What type of molecule is water and why

A

It is a polar molecule, due to the unevenly distributed charge

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16
Q

What bonds form between the oxygen and a hydrogen atom and why

A

Hydrogen bonds from due to the positive and negative regions that interact with each other

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17
Q

Water is a … in a metabolic reaction such as … and … which is used in forming and breaking chemical bonds

A

Water is a metabolite in a metabolic reaction such as condensation and hydrolysis which is used in forming and breaking chemical bonds

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18
Q

Water is a … in which many metabolic reactions occur

A

Water is a solvent in which many metabolic reactions occur

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19
Q

Water has a … meaning a lot of energy is required to warm water up therefore … in living things therefore it acts as a …

A

Water has a high heat specific capacity meaning that a lot of energy is required to warm water up therefore minimising fluctuations in living therefore it acts as a buffer

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20
Q

Water has a… meaning evaporation of water provides a cooling a]effect with little water loss

A

Water has a relatively large latent heat of vaporisation, meaning evaporation of water provides a cooling effect with little water loss

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21
Q

Water has … … between molecules which enables effective transport of water in tube-like transport cells as the … … supports the column of water.As a result of strong cohesion the … … at the water-air boundary is …

A

Water has strong cohesion between molecules which enables effective transport of water in tube-like transport cells as the strong cohesion supports columns of water. As a result of strong cohesion the surface tension at the water-air boundary is high

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22
Q

What is the maximum density of water and what does this mean?

A

4 degrees, meaning ice is less dense than water and floats on top of it, creating an insulating layer, increasing chance of survival of organisms.

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23
Q

Why is water a good support

A

It is incompressible

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24
Q

What are monomers

A

Small units which are the components of larger molecules

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25
Name some monomers
Monosaccharides such as glucose, amino acids and nucleotides.
26
What is hydrolysis
When water is added to break a chemical bond between 2 molecules
27
What are carbohydrates
Molecules which consist only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are long chains of sugar units called saccharides
28
Name the 3 types of saccharides
Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
29
How are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed
In condensation reactions , joining monosaccharides using glycosidic bonds
30
Glucose is a …, containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule, it is the main … ... ... it has 2 isomers … and … glucose
Glucose is a monosaccaride, containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule. It is the main substrate for respiration. It has 2 isomers- alpha and beta glucose
31
Name 3 Disaccharides
Maltose, formed by condensation of 2 glucose molecules Sucrose, formed by condensation of glucose and fructose Lactose, formed by condensation of glucose and galactose
32
Polysaccharides are formed from many glucose units joined together and include
Glycogen and starch which are both formed by condensation of alpha glucose Cellulose formed by the condensation of beta glucose
33
A covalent bond consists of...
A shared pair of electrons
34
Covalent molecules that contain only a few atoms are called...
Simple covalent molecules
35
Condensation reaction
Joining two molecules together by removing water
36
Hydrolysis reaction
Splitting apart molecules through the addition of water
37
Properties of simple covalent molecules
Low melting and boiling points Liquid or gas at room temperature
38
Give examples of simple covalent molecules
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine and hydrogen
39
Anions: hydroxide
Catalysts, ph determination
40
Biological molecules are often… polymers are long-chain molecules made op by the linking of multiple individual molecules… in a repeating pattern.
Biological molecules are often polymers. Polymers are long chain molecules made up by the linking of multiple individual molecules called monomers in a repeating
41
In carbohydrates the monomers are… (…)
Sugars (saccharides)
42
In proteins the monomers are…
Amino acid
43
Why is water so important
-water is a metabolite in many reactions, including: hydrolysis reactions and condensation reactions. - a cell’s metabolic reactions occur in aqueous solution -water molecules can stick together
44
What is the structure of water
- 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom - each hydrogen shares a pair of electrons with the oxygen - oxygen has a greater affinity for electrons so it pulls electrons closer - making oxygen slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly positive -making water a polar molecule
45
Why is water a very stable structure
The numerous hydrogen bonds
46
What produces surface tension in water
The cohesion between water molecules, making a solid-like surface
47
Why is water attracted to any substance that is polar
Because it has polar molecules
48
What is a hydrophilic
A substance that becomes part of water’s hydrogen-bonded structure by dissolving in water
49
What is a hydrophobic
A substance that cannot become apart of water’s hydrogen-bonded structure and won’t dissolve in water
50
Name the 2 things that can’t dissolve in water
- triglycerides - large polymers
51
What is specific heat capacity of water and what is the value
The specific heat capacity of water is when water absorbs/loses a relatively large amount of heat before it changes temperature It has a value of 4.184 kJ kg-1K-1
52
What is latent heat of vaporisation and what is it’s value
Latent heat of vaporisation is when water absorbs a large amount of heat before it turns into water vapour It has a value of 2.26 MJ kg-1K-1
53
Properties of ionic compounds
High melting point Most are soluble in polar solvents such as water Most are insoluble in non polar solvents such as benzene and hexane Molten compounds conduct electricity well
54
Properties of covalent compounds
Gases, liquids or low melting solids Most are insoluble in polar solvents Most are soluble in non polar solvents Liquid molten compounds do not conduct electricity
55
why is water a dipolaire molecule
It has 2 charge regions
56
Why is water polar
Each hydrogen atom shares its electrons with the atom of oxygen Because the oxygen atom has more protons than the hydrogen atoms, it pulls more strongly on these electrons So the oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen has a slight positive charge
57
What 3 structures do carbohydrates exist in
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
58
what is a monosaccharide
Small, simple sugars
59
What is a disaccharide
Large sugars
60
What is a polysaccaride
Long chain carbohydrates
61
Example molecules of monosaccarides
Glucose, fructose, galactose and ribose
62
Example molecules of disaccharides
Lactose, maltose, sucrose
63
Example molecules of polysaccharides
Glycogen, cellulose and starch
64
What are disaccarides formed from
2 monosaccharides
65
What are polysaccharides formed from
Many monosaccharides
66
Glucose is … and contains… carbon atoms which means it is a … sugar
Glucose is abundant and contains 6 carbon atoms which means it is a hexose
67
State 2 properties of glucose
It is the major energy source in most cells It is highly soluble
68
Why is water a good solvent
Dissolves many substances which enables easy transport inside cells e.g blood and xylem
69
Why is it good that water is a liquid at room temperature
It provides a liquid environment inside cells
70
Why is it good that water has a high specific heat capacity
Water resists temperature change, which provides a stable environment, meaning organisms use less energy to control body temperature and they change temperature more slowly
71
Why is it good that water has a high latent heat of vaporisation
It provides a cooling effect through sweating
72
Why is it good that water has a maximum temperature of 4 degrees
The density of water decreases so ice can float on water, allowing equation organisms to inhabit on top of ice and prevents ice further down freezing. Insulated layer
73
Wetness of water
There is a lot of cohesion because the water molecules can form hydrogen bonds -adhesion because water can stick to polar substances
74
Capillarity of water
Water can move upwards against gravity, so water molecules stick to tube by adhesion which helps move water form shoots to roots in plants
75
Surface tension in water
The uneven distribution of water molecules causes water to form a skin which aquatic animals can be supported by
76
Other properties of water
Colour less + transparent: enables plants to photosynthesise underwater Low viscosity: helps capillaries flow in plants Difficult to compress: acts as a structural support
77
… is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of 2 glucose molecules
Maltose
78
… is a disaccaride formed by condensation of glucose and fructose
Sucrose
79
… is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of glucose and galactose
Lactose
80
… and … are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose
Glycogen and starch
81
… is formed by the condensation of beta glucose
Cellulose
82
Amylose is an … chain of glucose molecules joined by …-… glycosidic bonds, as a result of that amylose is … and thus it is a very… molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy.
Amylose is an un branched chain of glucose molecules join by 1-4 glycosidic bonds,a s a result of that amylose is coiled and thus it is a very compact molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy
83
Amylopectin is a … chain and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and …,… glycosidic bonds, due to the presence of many side branches it is rapidly … by others enzymes, therefore releases a lot of energy
Amylopectin is a branched chain and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, due to the presence of many side branches it is rapidly digested by others enzymes, therefore releases a lot of energy
84
Cellulose is composed of long, un branched, chains of … glucose which are joined by glycosidic bond. … are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chain joined together by … bonds and they provide … … in plant cells
Cellulose is composed of long, un branched, chains of beta glucose which are joined by glycosidic bond. Microfibrils are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chain joined together by hydrogen bonds and they provide structural support in plant cells
85
What is the Benedict’s test used for
Sugars
86
Benedict’s test-reducing sugars
Add 2cm^3 of the sample to be tested in a test tube, add 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent Heat/boil mixture for 5 mins Negative result = blue Positive result = green, yellow, brown, orange, red
87
Benedict’s test- non-reducing sugars
Add 2cm^3 of sample to be tested to test tube, add hydrochloric acid and heat for 3 mins to hydrolyse the glycosidic bond Add sodium hydrogen carbonate powder to neutralise the solution Add 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent and heat/boil mixture for 5 mins Negative - blue Positive - green, yellow, brown, orange, red
88
Name 2 reducing sugars
All monosaccharides, maltose and lactose
89
Name a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
90
Name 7 important structures of lipids
-cell membrane structure -hormones -energy storage molecules -thermal insulation -mechanical protection -electrical insulation of nerves -waterproofing and buoyancy
91
Are lipids soluble or insoluble
Insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds (ethanol)
92
What is the most common types of lipids
Triglycerides, steroids, cholesterol
93
What bonds are formed during the condensation to form triglycerides
Ester bonds (3)
94
Food test for proteins
Biuret reagent -purple
95
Food test- starch
Iodine solution- black
96
Food test- glucose
Benedict’s reagent- b,g,y,o,r
97
Food test- lipids
Ethanol - cloudy
98
Surfactants
Amphipathic molecules form a layer on the surface of water
99
What is a sterol and name and example of one
They are lipids found in cells, complex alcohol molecules, cholesterol is an example made in the liver and intestine
100
Where are lipids stored and what is its role
Adipose tissue, heat insulation, protection of organs, energy source

Biology OCR A Own (3 decks)

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