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Biology OCR A Own > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all biological molecules contain

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What elements doo carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

What elements do lipids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What elements do proteins contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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5
Q

What elements do nuclei acids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

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6
Q

Cations: calcium ions

A

Involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission

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7
Q

Cations: sodium ions

A

Involved in co-transport, réabsorption of water in the kidney and nerve impulse transmission

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8
Q

Cations: potassium ions

A

Involved in stomatal opening and nerve impulse transmission

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9
Q

Cations: hydrogen ions

A

Involved in chemiosmosis, ph determination and catalysis of reactions

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10
Q

Cations: ammonium ions

A

Involved in nitrogen cycle, where bacteria convert ammonium ions into nitrate ions

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11
Q

Anions: nitrate

A

Mineral absorbed by plants to provide a source of nitrogen to make amino acids

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12
Q

Anions: hydrogencarbonate

A

Maintains the ph of the blood

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13
Q

Anions: chloride

A

Provides a negative charge to balance the positive sodium ion and potassium ions in cells

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14
Q

Anions: phosphate

A

Involved in the formation of phospholipids for cell membranes, nucleus acids and atp formation and in making bones

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15
Q

What type of molecule is water and why

A

It is a polar molecule, due to the unevenly distributed charge

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16
Q

What bonds form between the oxygen and a hydrogen atom and why

A

Hydrogen bonds from due to the positive and negative regions that interact with each other

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17
Q

Water is a … in a metabolic reaction such as … and … which is used in forming and breaking chemical bonds

A

Water is a metabolite in a metabolic reaction such as condensation and hydrolysis which is used in forming and breaking chemical bonds

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18
Q

Water is a … in which many metabolic reactions occur

A

Water is a solvent in which many metabolic reactions occur

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19
Q

Water has a … meaning a lot of energy is required to warm water up therefore … in living things therefore it acts as a …

A

Water has a high heat specific capacity meaning that a lot of energy is required to warm water up therefore minimising fluctuations in living therefore it acts as a buffer

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20
Q

Water has a… meaning evaporation of water provides a cooling a]effect with little water loss

A

Water has a relatively large latent heat of vaporisation, meaning evaporation of water provides a cooling effect with little water loss

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21
Q

Water has … … between molecules which enables effective transport of water in tube-like transport cells as the … … supports the column of water.As a result of strong cohesion the … … at the water-air boundary is …

A

Water has strong cohesion between molecules which enables effective transport of water in tube-like transport cells as the strong cohesion supports columns of water. As a result of strong cohesion the surface tension at the water-air boundary is high

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22
Q

What is the maximum density of water and what does this mean?

A

4 degrees, meaning ice is less dense than water and floats on top of it, creating an insulating layer, increasing chance of survival of organisms.

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23
Q

Why is water a good support

A

It is incompressible

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24
Q

What are monomers

A

Small units which are the components of larger molecules

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25
Q

Name some monomers

A

Monosaccharides such as glucose, amino acids and nucleotides.

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26
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

When water is added to break a chemical bond between 2 molecules

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Molecules which consist only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are long chains of sugar units called saccharides

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28
Q

Name the 3 types of saccharides

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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29
Q

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides formed

A

In condensation reactions , joining monosaccharides using glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

Glucose is a …, containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule, it is the main … … … it has 2 isomers … and … glucose

A

Glucose is a monosaccaride, containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule. It is the main substrate for respiration. It has 2 isomers- alpha and beta glucose

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31
Q

Name 3 Disaccharides

A

Maltose, formed by condensation of 2 glucose molecules
Sucrose, formed by condensation of glucose and fructose
Lactose, formed by condensation of glucose and galactose

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32
Q

Polysaccharides are formed from many glucose units joined together and include

A

Glycogen and starch which are both formed by condensation of alpha glucose
Cellulose formed by the condensation of beta glucose

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33
Q

A covalent bond consists of…

A

A shared pair of electrons

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34
Q

Covalent molecules that contain only a few atoms are called…

A

Simple covalent molecules

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35
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Joining two molecules together by removing water

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36
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Splitting apart molecules through the addition of water

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37
Q

Properties of simple covalent molecules

A

Low melting and boiling points
Liquid or gas at room temperature

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38
Q

Give examples of simple covalent molecules

A

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine and hydrogen

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39
Q

Anions: hydroxide

A

Catalysts, ph determination

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40
Q

Biological molecules are often… polymers are long-chain molecules made op by the linking of multiple individual molecules… in a repeating pattern.

A

Biological molecules are often polymers. Polymers are long chain molecules made up by the linking of multiple individual molecules called monomers in a repeating

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41
Q

In carbohydrates the monomers are… (…)

A

Sugars (saccharides)

42
Q

In proteins the monomers are…

A

Amino acid

43
Q

Why is water so important

A

-water is a metabolite in many reactions, including: hydrolysis reactions and condensation reactions.
- a cell’s metabolic reactions occur in aqueous solution
-water molecules can stick together

44
Q

What is the structure of water

A
  • 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
  • each hydrogen shares a pair of electrons with the oxygen
  • oxygen has a greater affinity for electrons so it pulls electrons closer
  • making oxygen slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly positive
    -making water a polar molecule
45
Q

Why is water a very stable structure

A

The numerous hydrogen bonds

46
Q

What produces surface tension in water

A

The cohesion between water molecules, making a solid-like surface

47
Q

Why is water attracted to any substance that is polar

A

Because it has polar molecules

48
Q

What is a hydrophilic

A

A substance that becomes part of water’s hydrogen-bonded structure by dissolving in water

49
Q

What is a hydrophobic

A

A substance that cannot become apart of water’s hydrogen-bonded structure and won’t dissolve in water

50
Q

Name the 2 things that can’t dissolve in water

A
  • triglycerides
  • large polymers
51
Q

What is specific heat capacity of water and what is the value

A

The specific heat capacity of water is when water absorbs/loses a relatively large amount of heat before it changes temperature

It has a value of 4.184 kJ kg-1K-1

52
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation and what is it’s value

A

Latent heat of vaporisation is when water absorbs a large amount of heat before it turns into water vapour

It has a value of 2.26 MJ kg-1K-1

53
Q

Properties of ionic compounds

A

High melting point
Most are soluble in polar solvents such as water
Most are insoluble in non polar solvents such as benzene and hexane
Molten compounds conduct electricity well

54
Q

Properties of covalent compounds

A

Gases, liquids or low melting solids
Most are insoluble in polar solvents
Most are soluble in non polar solvents
Liquid molten compounds do not conduct electricity

55
Q

why is water a dipolaire molecule

A

It has 2 charge regions

56
Q

Why is water polar

A

Each hydrogen atom shares its electrons with the atom of oxygen
Because the oxygen atom has more protons than the hydrogen atoms, it pulls more strongly on these electrons
So the oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen has a slight positive charge

57
Q

What 3 structures do carbohydrates exist in

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

58
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

Small, simple sugars

59
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Large sugars

60
Q

What is a polysaccaride

A

Long chain carbohydrates

61
Q

Example molecules of monosaccarides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose and ribose

62
Q

Example molecules of disaccharides

A

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

63
Q

Example molecules of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

64
Q

What are disaccarides formed from

A

2 monosaccharides

65
Q

What are polysaccharides formed from

A

Many monosaccharides

66
Q

Glucose is … and contains… carbon atoms which means it is a … sugar

A

Glucose is abundant and contains 6 carbon atoms which means it is a hexose

67
Q

State 2 properties of glucose

A

It is the major energy source in most cells
It is highly soluble

68
Q

Why is water a good solvent

A

Dissolves many substances which enables easy transport inside cells e.g blood and xylem

69
Q

Why is it good that water is a liquid at room temperature

A

It provides a liquid environment inside cells

70
Q

Why is it good that water has a high specific heat capacity

A

Water resists temperature change, which provides a stable environment, meaning organisms use less energy to control body temperature and they change temperature more slowly

71
Q

Why is it good that water has a high latent heat of vaporisation

A

It provides a cooling effect through sweating

72
Q

Why is it good that water has a maximum temperature of 4 degrees

A

The density of water decreases so ice can float on water, allowing equation organisms to inhabit on top of ice and prevents ice further down freezing. Insulated layer

73
Q

Wetness of water

A

There is a lot of cohesion because the water molecules can form hydrogen bonds
-adhesion because water can stick to polar substances

74
Q

Capillarity of water

A

Water can move upwards against gravity, so water molecules stick to tube by adhesion which helps move water form shoots to roots in plants

75
Q

Surface tension in water

A

The uneven distribution of water molecules causes water to form a skin which aquatic animals can be supported by

76
Q

Other properties of water

A

Colour less + transparent: enables plants to photosynthesise underwater
Low viscosity: helps capillaries flow in plants
Difficult to compress: acts as a structural support

77
Q

… is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of 2 glucose molecules

A

Maltose

78
Q

… is a disaccaride formed by condensation of glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

79
Q

… is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

80
Q

… and … are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

A

Glycogen and starch

81
Q

… is formed by the condensation of beta glucose

A

Cellulose

82
Q

Amylose is an … chain of glucose molecules joined by …-… glycosidic bonds, as a result of that amylose is … and thus it is a very… molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy.

A

Amylose is an un branched chain of glucose molecules join by 1-4 glycosidic bonds,a s a result of that amylose is coiled and thus it is a very compact molecule meaning it can store a lot of energy

83
Q

Amylopectin is a … chain and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and …,… glycosidic bonds, due to the presence of many side branches it is rapidly … by others enzymes, therefore releases a lot of energy

A

Amylopectin is a branched chain and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, due to the presence of many side branches it is rapidly digested by others enzymes, therefore releases a lot of energy

84
Q

Cellulose is composed of long, un branched, chains of … glucose which are joined by glycosidic bond. … are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chain joined together by … bonds and they provide … … in plant cells

A

Cellulose is composed of long, un branched, chains of beta glucose which are joined by glycosidic bond. Microfibrils are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chain joined together by hydrogen bonds and they provide structural support in plant cells

85
Q

What is the Benedict’s test used for

A

Sugars

86
Q

Benedict’s test-reducing sugars

A

Add 2cm^3 of the sample to be tested in a test tube, add 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent
Heat/boil mixture for 5 mins

Negative result = blue
Positive result = green, yellow, brown, orange, red

87
Q

Benedict’s test- non-reducing sugars

A

Add 2cm^3 of sample to be tested to test tube, add hydrochloric acid and heat for 3 mins to hydrolyse the glycosidic bond
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate powder to neutralise the solution
Add 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent and heat/boil mixture for 5 mins

Negative - blue
Positive - green, yellow, brown, orange, red

88
Q

Name 2 reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides, maltose and lactose

89
Q

Name a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

90
Q

Name 7 important structures of lipids

A

-cell membrane structure
-hormones
-energy storage molecules
-thermal insulation
-mechanical protection
-electrical insulation of nerves
-waterproofing and buoyancy

91
Q

Are lipids soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds (ethanol)

92
Q

What is the most common types of lipids

A

Triglycerides, steroids, cholesterol

93
Q

What bonds are formed during the condensation to form triglycerides

A

Ester bonds (3)

94
Q

Food test for proteins

A

Biuret reagent -purple

95
Q

Food test- starch

A

Iodine solution- black

96
Q

Food test- glucose

A

Benedict’s reagent- b,g,y,o,r

97
Q

Food test- lipids

A

Ethanol - cloudy

98
Q

Surfactants

A

Amphipathic molecules form a layer on the surface of water

99
Q

What is a sterol and name and example of one

A

They are lipids found in cells, complex alcohol molecules, cholesterol is an example made in the liver and intestine

100
Q

Where are lipids stored and what is its role

A

Adipose tissue, heat insulation, protection of organs, energy source

Biology OCR A Own (3 decks)

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