Topic 3 Flashcards
How to reduce spread
Washing hands prevents spread (hygiene) Providing people with clean drinking water Using a condom Isolating Vaccination Reduce vector ie killing rats
How to Viral Diseases work
They reproduce rapidly by inserting their genetic material into host cells and create new protein capsules to build new viral particles
=> Once many copies have been made, host cell bursts open releasing viral particles
Measles and their spread, symptoms, causes and treatment
Spread by: inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
Symptoms: Fever, red skin rash
Causes: most recover but causes blindness and brain damage
Treated: No treatment; isolation to prevent spread
Or vaccination
HIV and their spread, symptoms, causes and treatment
Spread by: exchange of bodily fluids
Symptoms: Flu-like illness
Causes: Attacks lymphocytes (immune system) until it can no longer deal with infections
Treatment: Antiretroviral drugs
TMV and their spread, symptoms, causes and treatment
Spread by: Direct contact from infected plant
Symptoms: distinctive mosaic pattern of discoloured leaves- infects chloroplasts
Causes: Plant will not grow as much due to lack of photosynthesis
Treatment: No treatment, just isolate plant to prevent spread
What are bacterial diseases
Reproduce rapidly by binary fission
Releases toxins that cause damage to cells and tissues (making you feel ill)
Cured by antibiotics
Salmonella
Symptoms: Fever, vomiting
Spread by: contaminated food- not cooked properly
Treatment: Chickens in the UK are vaccinated
Washing surfaces and hands
Gonorrhoea
Symptoms: yellow discharge and pain from urination
=> some may be asymptomatic
Causes: Infertility, babies born to disabilities
Spread: unprotected sex with someone who has it
Treatment: Condoms, antibiotics
What are fungi
They are either single celled or have a body made of hyphae (thread-like structures)
They can produce spores which help spread to other organisms
What is Rose Black Spots, spread and treatment
Fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves
=> causing them to turn yellow and drop early
=> affects growth of plant as photosynthesis is reduced
Spread: Carried in the wind or water
Treatment: Fungicide chemicals
Or burned to prevent spread
Or breeding of plants resistant to disease
What are Protists and diseases
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes
Caused by protist entering red blood cells and damaging them
How does Malaria create disease in your body
Female anopheles bites human
Malaria parasite infects the liver and reproduces asexually
Parasites in blood of human
Mosquito consumes infected blood when feeding
Sexual reproduction of malaria parasite
Human defences and systems: Skin Nose Trachea and Bronchi Stomach
Physical barrier
Produces antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogens
Has hair and mucus preventing particles entering lungs
Secrete mucus in order to trap pathogens
Cilia to waft mucus upwards to be swallowed
HCL to kill pathogens in food
Job of Phagocytosis
Engulf and digest pathogens
Job of Lymphocytes and prevention of future attack from same pathogen (6m)
Produce antibodies
Aim of antibody production is to produce the antibody that is specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen
=> causes pathogens to get slower and stick together making it easier for phagocytes to engulf them
Some pathogens (bacteria) produce toxins making you feel unwell Lymphocytes produce antitoxins that neutralise the effects of the toxin
Memory cells are lymphocytes that remain in the body after an initial infection
=> they produce specific antibodies against its antigens so you can produce antibodies quicker against the pathogen if the same pathogen was to attack again
How does vaccination work (4m)
Vaccination exposes someone to the antigens of a pathogen either dead or inactive in a small quantity
Stimulate lymphocyte to produce antibodies complementary to the antigens on the pathogen
triggering an immune response which results in the formation of memory cells which can make antibodies against it
If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection
What is herd immunity
By immunising a large population, the spread of pathogens is reduced as there are less people to catch the disease
How to create monoclonal antibodies
Antigen injected into mouse stimulating the production of antigens from lymphocytes
=> makes it specific to protein/ complementary
Combine with tumour cells as they can reproduce rapidly
=> this forms a hybridoma cell
They are all identical cells
The antibodies are collected and purified to make monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy Tests and how they work
There are 2 sections of the stick
First section has mobile antibodies complementary to the HCG
Second section has stationary antibodies complementary to the HCG hormone
When woman urinates on first section, and if HCG is present, it binds to the mobile antibodies to form antibody complexes
They are carried in the flow of liquid to second section
The stationary antibodies bind to HCG/ antibody complex
This results in a blue line indicating you are pregnant
How to measure and monitor hormone levels with Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies will bind to molecule you are looking for
The antibodies will be bound to a fluorescent dye
=> can only detect presence; not quantity
Monoclonal Antibodies and how they cure cancer (3 methods)
Cancer cells have antigens on their cells known as tumour markers
There are 3 main ways to treat cancer
Produce monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumour markers in order to stimulate immune system attack
Use monoclonal antibodies to bind to receptor sites on the cell surface membrane of cancer
=> This means growth stimulating molecules cannot bind, stopping the cell from dividing
Using monoclonal antibodies to transport toxic drugs that can only bind to cancer cells
Adv and Dis of monoclonal antibodies
ADV:
Bind to specific diseased antibodies; not healthy ones
Highly specific and can treat wide range
DIS:
Cause more side effects
Expensive
How to identify Plant diseases
Compare symptoms to online gardening manuals
Take a sample and send to lab
Use monoclonal antibody kit that detects presence of pathogens
Nitrate deficiency is… and causes
Production of amino acids for proteins
Causes:
Stunted growth
Upper leaves to go yellow and die
